Sentences with phrase «by ice particles»

The main mode, which is involved in the formation of ice crystals in mixed - phase clouds (clouds formed by ice particles and water droplets), is the immersion freezing mode.

Basically meteor showers are caused by ice particles left behind by comets, and we run into them.

Not exact matches

Even weather control is not as incredible as it sounds, for there is a delicate energy balance which can be changed by thin films on lakes and ice fields, or by air - borne particles.

The study notes that narrowing down that percent range requires particle accelerator experiments on water ice to more accurately gauge the number of chemical reactions that result per unit of energy deposited by cosmic rays and solar energetic particles.

This year, Summit's list of long - term visitors includes Brandon Strellis, an environmental engineering graduate student from the Georgia Institute of Technology studying how aerosols influence how much energy is reflected and absorbed by Greenland's ice — and where those particles are coming from.

But if winds were to carry salty soil particles to the ice cap, they might gradually sink to form a briny bed, kept liquid by the planet's warmth.

The ring's dust and ice particles are tugged by the moons» gravity.

Much of the dust deposit east of the Rockies arrived in the last ice age, which ended some 11,000 years ago, when particles that had been ground up and transported by glaciers were deposited by meltwater streams.

There, the microscopically small grains of rock from the core are catapulted along with ice particles into space, where they were measured by the instruments on the Cassini space probe,» explained the Heidelberg planetary scientist.

Radar works by sending out radio waves that reflect off particles in the atmosphere, such as raindrops or ice or even insects and dust.

Planetary scientists expect that mixtures of dust and ice turn black after billions of years of irradiation by photons and high - energy particles from the sun, but they don't yet know the details of that composition.

In high cirrus clouds, which consist purely of ice crystals, the researchers, however, came across a surprisingly strong reaction to laser irradiation: As described in PNAS, the laser pulses increase the number of ice particles by up to a factor of 100 within only a few seconds.

When the glacier starts to retreat, the frontal moraines are no longer protected by the ice, and a sort of «geological chronometer» is triggered, as the rocks begin to accumulate beryllium - 10 and helium - 3 produced by particles resulting from cosmic rays.

«Dust particles have been shown to be efficient ice nuclei, which may influence the monsoon by changing clouds» properties,» Jin said.

By analyzing this data over the following six months, the researchers found that clouds that grew at the lowest temperatures required extremely high relative humidity in order for water vapor to form an ice crystal around a dust particle.

Ginot and his team of researchers can also track aerosols — small particles in the atmosphere that fall with snow and get trapped and stored in the ice, layer by layer, as the years pass.

«Lightning is caused by charge separation within clouds, and to maximize charge separation, you have to loft more water vapor and heavy ice particles into the atmosphere,» he said.

By absorption of solar heat, these particles, and the microbes they contain, melt into the ice.

Urine that it vented also left a residue when tiny particles hit the craft's panels, so Lorenz suggests that future missions to Enceladus could look for signatures of life if similar residue is found in the minuscule dents left on a detector by ice grains from the plumes.

The interesting effect, he notes, is that in Saturn's massive storm, at least, the observations can be matched by having particles of mixed composition, or clouds of water ice existing side - by - side with clouds of ammonia ice.

Hoose, C. et al. (2010): A classical - theory - based parameterization of heterogeneous ice nucleation by mineral dust, soot, and biological particles in a global climate model, J. Atmos.

The particles generated in this region can even reach Antarctica when they are transported by the wind (Gassó et al., 2010) and contribute to ice particles formation.

Understanding how dust particles are affected by each type of pollution will shed light for researchers to account for all types of pollution when computing which particles may form ice crystals in cold clouds.

By modifying dust particles in the laboratory to mimic this process, the team was able to measure their cloud - ice - forming potential, discovering some conditions are more favorable than others.

In one sentence: Researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory found that when miniscule particles of airborne dust, thought to be a perfect landing site for water vapor, are modified by pollution, they change cloud properties via ice crystal number concentration and ice water content.

Much more interesting are the three distinct types of mineral flow across the landscape, produced by the movement of ice - rich material, landslides or blankets of ejected particles following impact into ice - rich material.

Pratt and PNNL postdoctoral researcher Dr. Gourihar Kulkarni will study ice formation using an environmental chamber, as well as particle analysis by laser mass spectrometry (PALMS) to measure ice residue chemistry.

Comets might form by combining smaller ice particles, including ice condensed as frost on microscopic dust grains that somehow formed.

Geoengineering proposals fall into at least three broad categories: 1) managing atmospheric greenhouse gases (e.g., ocean fertilization and atmospheric carbon capture and sequestration), 2) cooling the Earth by reflecting sunlight (e.g., putting reflective particles into the atmosphere, putting mirrors in space to reflect the sun's energy, increasing surface reflectivity and altering the amount or characteristics of clouds), and 3) moderating specific impacts of global warming (e.g., efforts to limit sea level rise by increasing land storage of water, protecting ice sheets or artificially enhancing mountain glaciers).

However, since the rate the droplets grow by condensation is inversely proportional to the own droplet radius, other processes are needed to precipitation - size particles to form (collision - coalescence and ice - phase processes).

It is caused by chemical reactions that take place primarily on the surface of polar stratospheric clouds, ice particles or liquid droplets which form at high altitudes in extreme cold.

Ozone holes are caused by chemical reactions that take place primarily on the surface of polar stratospheric clouds, ice particles, or liquid droplets, which form at high altitudes in the extreme cold of the polar regions.

In addition, once snow cover melts completely it often reveals underlying ice that has been darkened by dust and other particles, whose surface absorbs more solar energy, promoting heating.

The 12 - and 11 - µm ΔBT helps to distinguish between high, thick clouds and high, thin clouds by delineating cloud phase (ice or liquid water) and cloud particle size (small or large).

By seeding them with substances like bismuth tri-iodide, which cause water to form into ice particles, the hope is to reduce the water vapour and allow more radiation to escape.

Using liquid and ice microphysics models reduces the biases in cloud optical thicknesses to ≲ 10 %, except in cases of mistaken phase identification; most of the remaining bias is caused by differences between actual cloud particle sizes and the values assumed in the analysis.

Black carbon, which includes soot and other carbon particles can antagonise warming in the Arctic by covering reflective ice and absorbing additional heat into the ice speeding up its melt.

Gagné and colleagues showed that sulfate aerosol particles, which are released by the burning of fossil fuels, may have disguised the impact of greenhouse gases on Arctic sea ice.

Their freezing can either be triggered by aerosol particles acting as a so - called ice nuclei (IN), or occur homogeneously (without IN) at about − 38 ◦ C The goal of many laboratory studies was and is to assess the ice nucleation ability of selected aerosol particles of a... http://search.proquest.com/openview/421dd0783b387a8e030902328dcc6f23/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=105744

This cooling is caused by the fact that that, as climate warms, clouds made of large ice particles are replaced by clouds made of more numerous and smaller water particles that reflect more solar radiation.

This may suggest that for a given optical thickness, the influence of particle shape on the radiative forcing caused by a cloud composed of small ice crystals can be negligible.