Sentences with phrase «by large volcanic eruptions»

However, detecting acceleration is difficult because of (i) interannual variability in GMSL largely driven by changes in terrestrial water storage (TWS)(7 ⇓ — 9), (ii) decadal variability in TWS (10), thermosteric sea level, and ice sheet mass loss (11) that might masquerade as a long - term acceleration over a 25 - y record, (iii) episodic variability driven by large volcanic eruptions (12), and (iv) errors in the altimeter data, in particular, potential drifts in the instruments over time (13).

The ability of models to simulate ocean heat uptake, including variations imposed by large volcanic eruptions, adds confidence to their use in assessing the global energy budget and simulating the thermal component of sea level rise.

A few years ago, he was trying to get people to take to his idea of how to mitigate global warming by pumping sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, mirroring the cooling effect caused by large volcanic eruptions.

This may imply that the levels had earlier been boosted by a large volcanic eruption.

You can also experience the desolation and beauty of the Valley of 10,000 smokes while at Katmai to see a wondrous area left by the largest volcanic eruption of the last century.

Katmai was established as a Preserve in 1918 to protect the region surrounding Mount Katmai and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes that was devastated by the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th Century.

They think that the only way for global - average temperatures to change is for the climate system to be forced «externally»... by a change in the output of the sun, or by a large volcanic eruption.

Not exact matches

Th experiment suggests that enhanced UV - B at the end of the Permian, caused by ozone depletion from volcanic eruptions, could have contributed to Earth's largest mass extinction.

That is the headline finding of an international team, led by geochemists from Trinity College Dublin, who discovered that large impacts can be followed by intense, long - lived, and explosive volcanic eruptions.

By conducting a number of numerical simulations of this process, the research team showed that these large reservoirs are crucial to generating the largest volcanic eruptions on Earth.

In a new study, an international team of scientists claim that the most powerful volcanic eruptions, dubbed «super-eruptions», are triggered by a slow and steady drip feed of magma from large reservoirs deep within Earth's crust into smaller reservoirs closer to the surface.

Large quantities of mercury are also released by natural processes such as volcanic eruptions, forest fires and erosion.

One of the largest colonies of gentoo penguins in Antarctica was decimated by volcanic eruptions several times during the last 7,000 years according to a new study.

Researchers have now found an explanation for what triggered the largest volcanic eruption witnessed by humankind.

By simulating past summers — instead of relying solely on observations — the scientists established a large range of temperatures that could have occurred naturally under the same conditions, including greenhouse gas concentrations and volcanic eruptions.

This would open up large areas of airspace that would otherwise be closed during a volcanic eruption, which would benefit passengers by minimising disruption.

The short - term variations are dominated by ENSO but also can be influenced by large tropical volcanic eruptions (such as occurred in 1963, 1982 and, markedly, 1991), so the years after those eruptions are anomalously cool.

What is your level of confidence in the prediction made by GISS: «barring the unlikely event of a large volcanic eruption, a record global temperature clearly exceeding that of 2005 can be expected within the next 2 - 3 years.»

Some are of course external — large volcanic eruptions block incoming solar radiation from reaching and being absorved by Earth's surface.

A hurricane is the most horrendous force of nature, often exceeding the havoc caused by volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, creating destruction over a far larger territory.

Lake Toba (Danau Toba in Indonesian) is the largest volcanic lake in the world, formed by a cataclysmic eruption around 70,000 years ago.

The largest eruption of the 20th Century inspired a large amount of research on the connection between volcanic eruptions and the Earth's atmosphere in the 12 years since that eruption, as exemplified by the chapters in this book.

I've sometimes thought that global cataclysms like the largest volcanic eruptions would disrupt the glacial records by many years, like Oruanui eruption c. 26500bp, as these would induce unrecorded behavior in weather and other things, f.e. the huge ash deposits might decrease the albedo so much a local melting event happens.

Indeed, one complicating issue is that many volcanic eruptions are shortly followed by large El Nino events (e.g. Emile - Geay argue strongly for such a response to the AD 1258 eruption).

I chose the 1997/98 El Niño because that event wasn't opposed by a volcanic eruption and it was large enough to overwhelm the background noise.

«Barring a major volcanic eruption, most 15 - year global mean surface temperature trends in the near - term future will be larger than during 1998 - 2012,» according to the 127 - page Technical Summary dated June 7 and obtained by Reuters.

Scientists at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the Bonneville Power Administration think underground porous rocks produced by volcanic eruptions could be used as a large battery system.

It could be a relatively cheap, effective and quick way to cool the planet by mimicking the natural effects on climate of large volcanic eruptions, but scientists concede there could be dramatic and dangerous side effects that they don't know about.

The 1991 volcanic eruptions (Pinatubo, Hudson) injected 23 Megatonnes of SO2 into the stratosphere, leaving a sulfurous cloud that circled the globe for about 2 years before finally settling out (together with a large quantity of fine particulate matter which rapidly settled out) The sulfurous cloud caused average global temperatures to drop by 0.55 deg.

«Since 1997, when Pinatubo's aerosol settled out, the stratosphere has been exceptionally clear... Half or more of the warming since 1995 may due to the lack of large volcanic eruptions... That's about 0.13 °C... The remaining climate change is presumably caused by other forces, such as solar variability, El Nino, Atlantic AMO warming in 1995, lower Albedo and maybe even a little greenhouse gas.»

I excluded years which were strongly influenced by the El Chichón (1983 — 1985) and Mount Pinatubo (1992 — 1994) volcanic eruptions (because large eruptions release particulates into the atmosphere which cause a strong short - term cooling), and looked at the temperature trends in each of the three categories (Figure 1).

If you look at the average global response to large volcanic eruptions, from Krakatoa to Pinatubo, you would see that the global temperature decreased by only about 0.1 °C while the hypersensitive climate models give 0.3 to 0.5 °C, not seen in reality.

By 1962, man burning fossil fuels was adding SO2 to the atmosphere at a rate equivalent to one «large» volcanic eruption each 1.7 years.

92) If one factors in non-greenhouse influences such as El Nino events and large volcanic eruptions, lower atmosphere satellite - based temperature measurements show little, if any, global warming since 1979, a period over which atmospheric CO2 has increased by 55 ppm (17 per cent).

The short - term variations are dominated by ENSO but also can be influenced by large tropical volcanic eruptions (such as occurred in 1963, 1982 and, markedly, 1991), so the years after those eruptions are anomalously cool.

They range from mimicking the effects of large volcanic eruptions by releasing sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere, to deploying giant mirrors in space to deflect the sun's rays.

Then throw in massive volcanic eruptions and huge continent wide brush fires caused by volcanoes or meteor showers (both theories I have seen in the literature) and you have many events that could cause climate disruption on a large scale.

Large volcanic eruptions increase the number of small particles in the stratosphere that reflect sunlight, leading to short - term surface cooling lasting typically two to three years, followed by a slow recovery.