Sentences with phrase «by ocean salinity»

This small warming is likely a result of the natural alterations in global ocean currents which are driven by ocean salinity variations.

Gray believes that the increased atmospheric heat — which he calls a «small warming» — is ``... likely a result of the natural alterations in global ocean currents which are driven by ocean salinity variations.»

Not exact matches

By next year, the Argo project will have installed 3,000 floating sensors across all the oceans, offering a daily snapshot of global patterns of water temperature and salinity — crucial for predicting the nature and pace of climate change.

The movement of water in the ocean is determined by many factors including tides; winds; surface waves; internal waves, those that propagate within the layers of the ocean; and differences in temperature, salinity or sea level height.

Salinity of the surface waters can be influenced by the amount of river water flowing into the oceans, yet no computer models of ancient ocean circulation had included this variable.

iRobot provided Seagliders in May to help detect the presence of oil by measuring temperature, salinity and other ocean properties at depths of up to 1,000 meters.

The new findings on Arctic Ocean salinity conditions in the Eocene were calculated in part by comparing ratios of oxygen isotopes locked in ancient shark teeth found in sediments on Banks Island in the Arctic Circle and incorporating the data into a salinity model.

These currents are driven by winds, ocean temperature and salinity differences, and are efficient at distributing heat and carbon around the globe.

The study, co-authored by Dr Thomas Stevens, from the Department of Geography at Royal Holloway, University of London, found a previously unknown mechanism by which the joining of North and South America changed the salinity of the Pacific Ocean and caused major ice sheet growth across the Northern Hemisphere.

Cruise participants had expected that physical oceanographic data such as ocean temperature and salinity would be quarantined by Russian officials for some months.

My research indicates that the Siberian peat moss, Arctic tundra, and methal hydrates (frozen methane at the bottom of the ocean) all have an excellent chance of melting and releasing their stored co2.Recent methane concentration figures also hit the news last week, and methane has increased after a long time being steady.The forests of north america are drying out and are very susceptible to massive insect infestations and wildfires, and the massive die offs - 25 % of total forests, have begun.And, the most recent stories on the Amazon forecast that with the change in rainfall patterns one third of the Amazon will dry and turn to grassland, thereby creating a domino cascade effect for the rest of the Amazon.With co2 levels risng faster now that the oceans have reached carrying capacity, the oceans having become also more acidic, and the looming threat of a North Atlanic current shutdown (note the recent terrible news on salinity upwelling levels off Greenland,) and the change in cold water upwellings, leading to far less biomass for the fish to feed upon, all lead to the conclusion we may not have to worry about NASA completing its inventory of near earth objects greater than 140 meters across by 2026 (Recent Benjamin Dean astronomy lecture here in San Francisco).

The new formula developed by the PNNL - led team takes this change as well as changes in salinity into account to more accurately represent the ocean - storm interaction.

A typical oceanographic mooring, like one deployed in the northwest Atlantic Ocean by the Global Ocean Ecoystems Dynamics (GLOBEC) program, holds a large array of instrumentation: seven current meters, seven temperature gauges, three optical turbidity scanners, four salinity / conductivity / pressure meters, and one Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) that records surface ocean current patterns around the mooOcean by the Global Ocean Ecoystems Dynamics (GLOBEC) program, holds a large array of instrumentation: seven current meters, seven temperature gauges, three optical turbidity scanners, four salinity / conductivity / pressure meters, and one Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) that records surface ocean current patterns around the mooOcean Ecoystems Dynamics (GLOBEC) program, holds a large array of instrumentation: seven current meters, seven temperature gauges, three optical turbidity scanners, four salinity / conductivity / pressure meters, and one Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) that records surface ocean current patterns around the mooocean current patterns around the mooring.

A team of scientists led by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory modified the current formula to calculate Potential Intensity by including the effects of upper - ocean mixing, sea - surface cooling, and salinity during a cyclone.

Possible mechanisms include (vii) changes in ocean temperature (and salinity), (viii) suppression of air - sea gas exchange by sea ice, and (ix) increased stratification in the Southern Oocean temperature (and salinity), (viii) suppression of air - sea gas exchange by sea ice, and (ix) increased stratification in the Southern OceanOcean.

Salt in the sea, or ocean salinity, is mainly caused by rain washing mineral ions from the land into water.

If we add ten more meters to sea level by melting ice in the coming centuries, that would reduce mean ocean salinity by about 0.1 psu.

Observations of ocean salinity patterns for the past 50 years reveal an intensification of [P - E] patterns as predicted by models, but at an even faster rate.

Due to the predominantly «geostrophic» nature of the ocean circulation (i.e. velocity is generally horizontally perpendicular to pressure gradients because of the Coriolis effect), you can calculate changes in North - South velocities by only considering the East - West changes in temperature and salinity.

Steric sea level is driven by volume changes through ocean salinity (halosteric) and ocean temperature (thermosteric) effects, from which the latter is known to play a dominant role in observed contemporary rise of GSSL.

The salinity levels of the northern ocean region are also influence by the inflow of warm and salty water from lower latitudes in the Atlantic Oocean region are also influence by the inflow of warm and salty water from lower latitudes in the Atlantic OceanOcean.

The rate of this flux of Atlantic Water heat flux is variable depending on depth of the maximum and overlying stratification (stratification is controlled by salinity in the Arctic Ocean).

Hatun et al. examined the possibilities that [i] a change in rain falling over the ocean (freshens the water) and evaporation (increases the salinity by removing water and leaving salt behind), [ii] increased salinity in the sub-tropical gyre (in the main part of the North Atlantic), [iii] increased salinity in the sub-polar gyre, or [iv] dynamical changes in the relative contributions from the two gyres could explain the high salinities in the in - flow regions.

There is so little understanding about how the ocean parses its response to forcings by 1) suppressing (local convective scale) deep water formation where excessive warming patterns are changed, 2) enhancing (local convective scale) deep water formation where the changed excessive warming patterns are co-located with increased evaporation and increased salinity, and 3) shifting favored deep water formation locations as a result of a) shifted patterns of enhanced warming, b) shifted patterns of enhanced salinity and c) shifted patterns of circulation which transport these enhanced ocean features to critically altered destinations.

I suspect the amount of additional 33psu surface waters entrained by the sinking brine is indicated by the nearly 35psu salinity of Arctic ocean water below about 300 meters depth; if the salt from each cubic meter of ice formed were added to approximately 15 cubic meters of water at 33psu, it would raise the salinity to near 35psu.

Many of the surface currents of the world oceans (i.e., the ocean «gyres» which appear as rotating horizontal current systems in the upper ocean) are driven by the wind, however, the sinking in the Arctic is related to the buoyancy forcing (effects that change either the temperature or salinity of the water, and hence its buoyancy).

On the other hand, the budgeting of salinity implicit in the ocean model used by Hatun et al. may not properly account for river run - off (freshens the water), transport from the Pacific, the Canadian Archipelago, the East Greenland current, or melting processes.

In addition to the shallow La Niña — like patterns in the Pacific that were the previous focus, we found that the slowdown is mainly caused by heat transported to deeper layers in the Atlantic and the Southern oceans, initiated by a recurrent salinity anomaly in the subpolar North Atlantic.

These processes affect the transport of water, heat, salinity, nutrients and carbon in the ocean, impacting on the climate system by modifying it's ability to absorb human - emitted carbon dioxide and excess heat resulting from increased carbon dioxide concentrations.

Using an ocean circulation model for the shelf, the authors find that surface temperatures may increase by 0.5 to 2.0 °C, seasonal surface salinity may drop by up to 2 PSS in some areas, and that Haida Eddies will strengthen, as will the Vancouver Island Coastal Current and freshwater discharges into coastal waters.

Density currents are also caused by differences in the amount of salt (salinity) on the ocean water.

The principal scientific objective is to make global SSS measurements over the ice - free oceans with 150 - km spatial resolution, and to achieve a measurement error less than 0.2 (PSS - 78 [practical salinity scale of 1978]-RRB- on a 30 - day time scale, taking into account all sensors and geophysical random errors and biases.Salinity is indeed a key indicator of the strength of the hydrologic cycle because it tracks the differences created by varying evaporation and precipitation, runoff, and ice processes.

To conduct the research, a team of scientists led by John Fasullo of the US National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, combined data from three sources: NASA's GRACE satellites, which make detailed measurements of Earth's gravitational field, enabling scientists to monitor changes in the mass of continents; the Argo global array of 3,000 free - drifting floats, which measure the temperature and salinity of the upper layers of the oceans; and satellite - based altimeters that are continuously calibrated against a network of tide gauges.

Chief among these claims is that the change in salinity in the North Atlantic ocean is responsible for the decadal fluctuations, not changes in the trade winds and mid-latitude westerlies (the IPO)- as suggested by Meehl et al (2011), Meehl et al (2013) and England et al (2014) for instance.

It is true that salinity, pH levels, chemical conversions, and the diffusion rate of POC to the bottom of the oceans can affect Henry's law and the uptake of atmospheric CO2, but do we know how much by?

The Mediterranean Sea became disconnected from the world's oceans and mostly desiccated by evaporation about 5.6 million years ago during the Messinian salinity crisis.

Many factors — like the thermohaline circulation, which reverses direction at the poles as warm salty water releases heat into the air and sinks down to the bottom — are heavily influenced by the ocean's salinity, and thus, the movement of freshwater into and around the Arctic plays an important role in shaping both regional and global climate.

At the workshop, advances in understanding the ocean's water cycle, made possible by innovations in the salinity observing system that recently began providing near - instantaneous snapshots of the global salinity field, were reported.

It seems unlikely, for example, that the salinity of a particular ocean location will change dramatically from one period to another unless the two time periods are separated by tens of millions of years (through moving continents) or there's some extraordinary temporary event (such as the emptying of a large glacial lake) just before one of the two measuring points.

These advances include the near - global three - dimensional sampling by the Argo array of temperature and salinity profiling floats and spaceborne measurements of sea surface salinity using the European Space Agency's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) spacecraft and NASA's Aquarius mission aboard the Argentine SAC - D spacecraft (which ceased operations in Junsalinity profiling floats and spaceborne measurements of sea surface salinity using the European Space Agency's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) spacecraft and NASA's Aquarius mission aboard the Argentine SAC - D spacecraft (which ceased operations in Junsalinity using the European Space Agency's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) spacecraft and NASA's Aquarius mission aboard the Argentine SAC - D spacecraft (which ceased operations in JunSalinity (SMOS) spacecraft and NASA's Aquarius mission aboard the Argentine SAC - D spacecraft (which ceased operations in June 2015).

Despite its importance, ocean salinity in the Arctic has been poorly monitored because of the harsh environment and obstacles posed by sea ice, which impede field measurements.

Both satellites mapped ocean salinity by picking up faint microwave signals emitted by the sea surface, which change along with salinity.

Moreover, warm ocean features, mainly anticyclonic rings and eddies, are characterized by a deepening of the isotherms towards their centers with a markedly different temperature and salinity structure than the surrounding waters.

The researchers had to estimate such variables as the chemical composition of the atmosphere, the amount of sunlight reflected by Earth's surface back into the atmosphere, and the movement of heat and salinity in the oceans at a time when all the continents were consolidated into the giant land mass known as Pangaea.

The study by Ponte (2012) is referenced for its use of an eddy - resolving ocean state estimate to quantify the substantial variability in temperature and salinity expected in the deep ocean on time scales from months to years.

Climate change can influence the distribution of dead zones by increasing water temperature and hence microbial activity, as well as reducing mixing of the ocean (i.e., increasing layering or stratification) of the Ocean — which have different temperatures, densities, salinities — and reducing mixing of oxygen - rich surface layers into the deeper parts of the Oocean (i.e., increasing layering or stratification) of the Ocean — which have different temperatures, densities, salinities — and reducing mixing of oxygen - rich surface layers into the deeper parts of the OOcean — which have different temperatures, densities, salinities — and reducing mixing of oxygen - rich surface layers into the deeper parts of the OceanOcean.

Observations of ocean salinity patterns for the past 50 years reveal an intensification of [P - E] patterns as predicted by models, but at an even faster rate.

The key to this model lies in the distribution of precipitation on Earth, with maxima in the tropics and in high latitudes, so that the Arctic receives an excess of precipitation over evaporation of about one third, which is associated with the permanent presence of the low salinity surface water mass of the Arctic Ocean, separated by a halocline from the saltier Atlantic water below.

Haloclines are formed by summer melt water which is lower in salinity than the ocean and spreads over the surface as it can not penetrate the less dense, low salinity Arctic sea water.

Scientists extract core samples from living corals by scuba diving and collecting a sample from the coral skeleton; geochemical analyses of these samples reveals how ocean temperature, circulation, and salinity change over time.