Sentences with phrase «by ribosomes»

These are drugs — still experimental — that prevent premature stop signals from halting protein production by ribosomes, although NMD tends to limit their efficacy.

These units, which contain detailed instructions for the synthesis of specific proteins, are then read and translated by ribosomes into proteins.

Graduate student Emily Thomas, synthetic biologist Jonathan Silberg and their colleagues built upon established techniques that attach bio-orthogonal (noninterfering), artificial amino acids to transfer RNA (tRNA), which are used by ribosomes to synthesize proteins.

When prompted, the tRNA synthetase charges a tRNA with the bio-orthogonal amino acid, which is then used by ribosomes to insert the tag into proteins made in the cell.

Proteins are produced by ribosomes, and misfolding can occur if they stall while decoding a damaged template.

Elongation factor G (EF - G) is a guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) that plays a crucial role in the translocation of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and messenger RNA (mRNA) during translation by the ribosome.

Not exact matches

This makes me happy: Research on ribosomes by Noller and others has led to the development of novel antibiotics that hold promise for use against drug - resistant bacteria.

At the next stage, RNA molecules began to synthesize proteins, first by developing RNA adaptor molecules that can bind activated amino acids and then by arranging them according to an RNA template using other RNA molecules such as the RNA core of the ribosome.

The scientists further discovered that whenever food enters the bowels, cells in the intestinal lining immediately respond by increasing the production of ribosomes, particularly in the food - facing part of the cell.

DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) that carries the code to ribosomes, the molecular machines that build proteins by reading the mRNA instructions.

Ramakrishnan further revealed that the ribosome ensures accuracy not only by monitoring the stability of the bonds between amino acids that the ribosome stitches together into proteins but also by using a ruler to check the geometry of the bonds.

The key to that is x-ray crystallography in which x-rays are shone through a crystal filled with ribosomes, creating a scatter pattern that reveals their inner workings (detected by CCDs, the inventors of which were honored yesterday with the 2009 Nobel in Physics).

«The bactericidal mechanism of ODLs and the fact that they bind to a site on the ribosome not exploited by any known antibiotic are very strong indicators that ODLs have the potential to treat infections that are unresponsive to other antibiotics,» said Mankin, who is also professor of medicinal chemistry and pharmacognosy.

It works by isolating the protein - making machines of cells (called ribosomes), which turn mRNA copies of DNA (genes) into proteins.

By taking a sort of molecular snapshot of an astrocyte's ribosomes, it's possible to see all the mRNA copies in progress and thus know which genes are active.

The plasmid, which directs the production of the thiopeptide antibiotic, also directs production of a spare part for the ribosome, a replacement for the part that is blocked by the antibiotic, which renders the ribosome insensitive to the antibiotic.

To test the robustness of translation, the Zaher lab set out to break it, by giving faulty mRNA transcripts to ribosomes.

A study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences by May Berenbaum and colleagues finds that bee colony collapse disorder seems to be related to bees» ribosomes breaking down, which keeps them from making the proteins they need to deal with stress and disease.

If the yeast's ribosomes jammed on the oxidized mRNA but were rescued by no - go decay, very little damaged mRNA would accumulate in the cell.

In the second, they worked out the conditions required to allow their synthetic helix to be appended to natural proteins during synthesis by cellular ribosomes.

The resistance gene, however, by changing the shape of the ribosome, succeeds in blocking the drug — but at the cost of slowing down protein output.

He and his group now plan to enhance still further the resolution attainable with their cryo - electron microscope, and will then use it to investigate the structures of ribosomes that have been brought to a halt by other chemical agents.

No prior life on earth — either evolved in the wild or made by scientists in the laboratory — is known to have ever had or lived with such a tied - up ribosome.

Perhaps other biological processes are also controlled, in part, by having specific types of ribosomes build particular proteins, Barna said.

The liver cells transfected with an HCV internal ribosome entry site (IRES)- driven luciferase reporter that were treated with SBEL1 reduced reporter activity by 50 % compared to control.

Guided by the recipe, the ribosome generates a linear polypeptide chain, the initial form of a protein.

During this crucial step, messenger RNA (mRNA), which is a RNA copy of a gene's recipe for a protein, is translated by the cell's ribosome into the sequence of amino acids that will make up a newly synthesized protein.

To do that, the spectinamides bind to a particular site on ribosomes that is not shared by other TB drugs.

This leads to degradation of «viral» RNA, preventing its translation on ribosomes into a protein encoded by it, thereby reducing the viral gene expression,» says one of the main co-authors of the research Alexander Timin, a JRF of the Novel Dosage Laboratory at Tomsk RASA Center.

This new class of antibiotics works against TB by disrupting the function of a part of the cell known as the ribosome, which is responsible for protein synthesis.

To show its promise, Zhang's team inserted C2c2 into E. coli bacteria, where it silenced a gene by cutting up a form of RNA that carries the gene's information to the ribosomes.

Bacterial ribosomes stalled on defective messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are rescued by tmRNA, an ∼ 300 - nucleotide - long molecule that functions as both transfer RNA (tRNA) and mRNA.

The rescue proteins recognize arrested ribosomes by detecting, and binding to, conserved locations normally occupied by mRNA.

And curious as to how widespread this phenomenon might be, the researchers looked for protein families with nearly identical members that are encoded by different genes and had significant variations in ribosome density across the family.

This process takes place inside veritable macromolecular machines known as ribosomes, and starts by transcribing genetic information from a cell's DNA into transportable units known as messenger RNAs (mRNAs).

Tissue - specific mRNAs are isolated following ribosome affinity purification of tissue - specific tagged ribosomal proteins followed by polysomal profiling.

While on viable mRNAs UPF1 is removed by the protein factories, the ribosomes, it remains bound to defective mRNAs and recruits additional enzymes that cause the degradation of the mRNA «The protein UPF1 bound to the mRNA acts as an armed trap that only has to be triggered when needed to degrade the defective mRNA,» says Zünd.

Each of the twenty - one amino acids used by the human body has a tRNA binding partner that carries it to the ribosome where it can be incorporated at the appropriate point into a growing protein.

Researchers applied the findings to a mouse model with a genetic mutation in a component of the ribosome — the machinery that makes proteins — and the rate of protein production was reduced in stem cells by 30 percent.

A ribosome is helped by ATP, which powers it as it walks along the messenger RNA and as it stitches the amino acids together.

Selective deletion of antigen - specific CD8 + T cells by MHC class I tetramers coupled to the type I ribosome - inactivating protein saporin.

This work was quickly followed by evidence intimating the existence of a class of RNA in ribosomes that hybridized uniquely to genomic DNA of the same species, but not to that of foreign species (10), what later came to be known as mRNA.

Walter isolated the six building blocks of the apparatus and dubbed it the signal recognition particle; by the early 1980s, he had demonstrated that the apparatus recruits ribosomes to the ER, latches onto address tags on proteins minted on ribosomes, and transfers proteins to the interior of the ER.

In ongoing projects, we aim to elucidate the mechanism and regulation of selenocysteine incorporation by determining how ribosomes distinguish between UGA / Sec and UGA / Stop codons, how mutations in SBP2 impact the expression of the selenoproteome, and how the hierarchy of selenoprotein synthesis is regulated in selenium deficiency.

«The limit adopted by biologists is 200 to 250 nanometers on the basis that [the structures] must be large enough to contain a DNA or RNA strand, and have the ribosomes, etc., necessary to carry on metabolism,» says Folk.

The mRNA carries the instructions to the ribosome as to how it needs to synthesize new proteins, by which the process of creating structural and contractile proteins from strands of amino acids taken inside the cells from the blood, is started.