Sentences with phrase «by sea ice formation»

Not exact matches

Climate change models predict that the Arctic sea ice will continue to shrink in a warming world (as much as 40 % of the ice is expected to be gone by midcentury), and the resulting changes — including later formation of ice in the autumn, rain falling on the snow, and decreasing snow depths — will make it increasingly difficult for the seals to construct their snow caves, NOAA says.

They are called polynyas, formations that derive their name from the Russian word for «hole in the ice,» and are typically an expanse of open seawater along the coast that is enclosed by floating sea ice and the continental shelf.

The upper part of the modern Arctic Ocean is flushed by North Atlantic currents while the Arctic's deep basins are flushed by salty currents formed during sea ice formation at the surface.

Quick recovery is consistent with the Southern Ocean - centric picture of the global overturning circulation (Fig. 4; Talley, 2013), as the Southern Ocean meridional overturning circulation (SMOC), driven by AABW formation, responds to change in the vertical stability of the ocean column near Antarctica (Sect. 3.7) and the ocean mixed layer and sea ice have limited thermal inertia.

Arctic winter formation has been largely hit by advection from cyclones easily punching through what was once a mighty fortress of cold air living in a physical symbiosis with much thicker sea ice.

Sea ice formation in the Amundsen and Bellingshausen seas has decreased by 10 % per decade and has also shortened in seasonal length [40].

Negative delta C - 13 (as) values in glacial AABW were likely caused by poor ventilation during formation, probably associated with extensive sea ice coverage.

That leads to stratification, which leads to an increased formation of sea ice, because it's effectively shielded [by snow],» he said.

These results also increase our overall understanding of glacial − interglacial cycles by putting further constraints on the timing and strength of other processes involved in these cycles, like changes in sea ice and ice sheet extents or changes in ocean circulation and deep water formation.

The observed effects of cryosphere reduction include modification of river regimes due to enhanced glacial melt, snowmelt advance and enhanced winter base flow; formation of thermokarst terrain and disappearance of surface lakes in thawing permafrost; decrease in potential travel days of vehicles over frozen roads in the Arctic; enhanced potential for glacier hazards and slope instability due to mechanical weakening driven by ice and permafrost melting; regional ocean freshening; sea - level rise due to glacier and ice sheet shrinkage; biotic colonisation and faunal changes in deglaciated terrain; changes in freshwater and marine ecosystems affected by lake - ice and sea - ice reduction; changes in livelihoods; reduced tourism activities related to skiing, ice climbing and scenic activities in cryospheric areas affected by degradation; and increased ease of ship transportation in the Arctic.