Sentences with phrase «by sea level pressure»

And it appears to be driven by Sea Level Pressure, timed with the NPI: http://bobtisdale.blogspot.com/2009/12/north-pacific-ocean-heat-content-shift.html

This in turn is influenced by sea level pressure patterns in polar and subpolar regions — as more or less wind and currents are pushed north (Roemmich et al, 2007, Qiu, Bo et al 2006).

In addition to ENSO, the PDO is also strongly influenced by the sea level pressure of the North Pacific.

However, the PDO pattern is also strongly influenced by the sea level pressure of the North Pacific, which is why it has a different fingerprint in time.

The change in May is explained by the sea level pressure (SLP) and air temperature anomaly field for May (Figure 8, top).

The strength of these currents is influenced by the location of the polar fronts as determined by sea level pressures in the Southern and Northern Annular Modes.

Not exact matches

This sea level rise is then concentrated to the north or south by the NAO, which is a measure of the atmospheric pressure difference between Iceland and the Azores.

These cyclones are characterized by strong localized drops in sea level pressure, and as Arctic - wide decreases in sea level pressure are one of the expected results of climate change, this could increase extreme Arctic cyclone activity, including powerful storms in the spring and fall.

When the researchers placed the material inside a gas chamber and cranked up the air pressure from one bar (about the atmospheric pressure at sea level) to five bars, the cube's volume increased by about 3 percent.

Fisher's pen makes up for a lack of gravity by storing ink in a cartridge pressurized with nitrogen at 35 pounds per square inch — more than twice as much force as sea - level atmospheric pressure on Earth.

For example, one 1965 study by researchers at the Brooks Air Force Base in Texas showed that dogs exposed to near vacuum — one three - hundred - eightieth of atmospheric pressure at sea level — for up to 90 seconds always survived.

The sea level time series is rich in physical phenomena such as tides (caused mostly by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun), meteorological signals (high and low pressure), and signals from climate change.

They wrote that their comparisons of sea - level pressures, sea - surface temperatures and land - based air temperatures provided «consistent evidence for strong» regulation of temperatures by changes in ocean cycles «from monthly to century time scales.»

By contrast, there has been a detectable human influence on global sea level pressure.

A summary of the ability of AOGCMs to simulate the seasonally varying climate state is provided by Figure 8.11, which displays error measures that gauge how well recent models simulate precipitation, sea level pressure and surface temperature, compared with their predecessors.

Canadian Ice Service, 4.7 (+ / - 0.2), Heuristic / Statistical (same as June) The 2015 forecast was derived by considering a combination of methods: 1) a qualitative heuristic method based on observed end - of - winter Arctic ice thickness extents, as well as winter Surface Air Temperature, Sea Level Pressure and vector wind anomaly patterns and trends; 2) a simple statistical method, Optimal Filtering Based Model (OFBM), that uses an optimal linear data filter to extrapolate the September sea ice extent timeseries into the future and 3) a Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) prediction system that tests ocean, atmosphere and sea ice predictoSea Level Pressure and vector wind anomaly patterns and trends; 2) a simple statistical method, Optimal Filtering Based Model (OFBM), that uses an optimal linear data filter to extrapolate the September sea ice extent timeseries into the future and 3) a Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) prediction system that tests ocean, atmosphere and sea ice predictosea ice extent timeseries into the future and 3) a Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) prediction system that tests ocean, atmosphere and sea ice predictosea ice predictors.

With deep aquifer discharge primarily regulated by geological pore spaces (in addition to pressure heads), the slow and steady discharge of these older waters affects sea level rise on century and millennial timeframes.

Given the increased levels of certainty regarding human - induced global warming (from 90 to 95 %), more robust projections on sea - level rise and data on melting of ice sheets, and the «carbon budget» for staying below the 2 °C target, the WGI conclusions together with other AR5 component reports are likely to put more pressure on the UNFCCC parties to deliver by 2015 an ambitious agreement that is capable of preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.

The figure below (Figure 5 a-c) provided by Cecilia Bitz, and similar plots provided by Oleg M. Pokrovsky and the NIC Group, shows the sea level pressure field centered over the Northern Hemisphere for July 2008, July 2007, and for July average conditions (climatology).

The pattern can persist longer than (or shorter than) ENSO events or can vary month - to - month because it is also impacted by variations in sea level pressure.

The strength of this geostrophic current is determined by the horizontal pressure gradient through the slope in sea level.

They wrote that their comparisons of sea - level pressures, sea - surface temperatures and land - based air temperatures provided «consistent evidence for strong» regulation of temperatures by changes in ocean cycles «from monthly to century time scales.»

At the end of June the AD was replaced by low sea level pressure.

With regard to summer meteorological forcing, 2007 was dominated by a strong dipole pattern in sea level pressure (SLP), with high pressure over the Beaufort Sea and winds blowing from the Bering Strait across the North Pole, promoting both advection of warm air and compaction of the ice pasea level pressure (SLP), with high pressure over the Beaufort Sea and winds blowing from the Bering Strait across the North Pole, promoting both advection of warm air and compaction of the ice paSea and winds blowing from the Bering Strait across the North Pole, promoting both advection of warm air and compaction of the ice pack.

Canadian Ice Service, 4.7 (± 0.2), Heuristic / Statistical (same as June) The 2015 forecast was derived by considering a combination of methods: 1) a qualitative heuristic method based on observed end - of - winter Arctic ice thickness extents, as well as winter Surface Air Temperature, Sea Level Pressure and vector wind anomaly patterns and trends; 2) a simple statistical method, Optimal Filtering Based Model (OFBM), that uses an optimal linear data filter to extrapolate the September sea ice extent timeseries into the future and 3) a Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) prediction system that tests ocean, atmosphere and sea ice predictoSea Level Pressure and vector wind anomaly patterns and trends; 2) a simple statistical method, Optimal Filtering Based Model (OFBM), that uses an optimal linear data filter to extrapolate the September sea ice extent timeseries into the future and 3) a Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) prediction system that tests ocean, atmosphere and sea ice predictosea ice extent timeseries into the future and 3) a Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) prediction system that tests ocean, atmosphere and sea ice predictosea ice predictors.

High storm surges (sea levels raised by storm winds and atmospheric pressure) also tend to move coastal sand offshore.

The polar front changes largely in response to sea level pressure difference between the pole and the sub-Antarctic — as measured by the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) index.

This AD pattern quickly shifted in the second half of June 2012, however, and was replaced by a more typical low sea level pressure center over the Arctic Ocean.

The polar changes in sea level pressure seem to be driven by ozone and UV interactions in the stratosphere.

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2.5 degrees of warming raises the pressure by 2.5 / T (Kelvin), close to 1 %, which is 10 mb at sea level.

At the same time, the tidal level has increased by some 3 inches (8 centimeters) for several reasons, including organic structure growth on the barrier reef in the lagoon basin and changes in atmospheric pressure and wind action on the Adriatic Sea.

This is important in that the atmospheric circulation trends over the Antarctic vary substantially by season, with summer and autumn exhibiting decreases in sea level pressure over the circumpolar trough and over the continent.

«clearly driven by a top down solar mechanism involving UV / ozone interactions causing changing sea level pressure at the poles.»

I obtained the 27 tons per acre by multiplying 390 ppm by 44/29 to get 592ppm of CO2 by weight and then, at sea level, the atmospheric pressure being 14.7 psi, which is the weight of the atmosphere above one square inch of which.0592 % or 0.0087 psi is due to CO2.

The climate seems clearly driven by a top down solar mechanism involving UV / ozone interactions causing changing sea level pressure at the poles.

If temperatures are not kept down then Africa faces a range of devastating threats such as crop yield reductions in places of as much 50 % in some countries by 2020; Increased pressure on water supplies for 70 — 250 million people by 2020 and 350 — 600 million by 2050; The cost of adaptation to sea level rises of at least 5 — 10 % of gross domestic product.

This AD pattern quickly shifted in the second half of June, however, and was replaced by a low sea level pressure center over the Pacific side of the Arctic Ocean (Figure 3b), opposing the transpolar sea ice drift.

In central North America, the cooler winters were primarily due to changes in the northerly winds driven by increased sea level pressure on the west coast of North America.

This is spatial variability that can't be captured by indices of sea level pressure or temperature at specific points.

We examine the annular mode within each hemisphere (defined here as the leading empirical orthogonal function and principal component of hemispheric sea level pressure) as simulated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report ensembles of coupled ocean - atmosphere models.

Gillett et al. (2003) compared observed changes in sea level pressure with those predicted by four coupled ocean — atmosphere climate models and concluded as follows.

«SEAFRAME gauges not only measure sea level by two independent means, but also observe a number of «ancillary» variables - atmospheric pressure, air and water temperatures, wind speed and direction.

It turns out that when this is properly taken into account, you have to reduce the column length at sea level pressure by a factor of 2 to have the equivalent absorption effect of the same amount of CO2 in the real atmosphere.

Therefore, by computing (or measuring) the absorption at sea level pressure, we are overestimating the absorption of the CO2 actually in place in the higher, lower - pressure parts of the atmosphere.

While the DA was replaced by low sea level pressure (SLP) over the Arctic Ocean in July, high pressure returned over the Beaufort Sea in August coupled with low pressure over Siberia, helping to compress ice towards the pole and bring warm air into the Arctsea level pressure (SLP) over the Arctic Ocean in July, high pressure returned over the Beaufort Sea in August coupled with low pressure over Siberia, helping to compress ice towards the pole and bring warm air into the ArctSea in August coupled with low pressure over Siberia, helping to compress ice towards the pole and bring warm air into the Arctic.

In July, the Arctic Dipole Anomaly (DA) pattern that was dominant in June (which promotes clear skies, warm air temperatures, and winds that push ice away from coastal areas and encourages melt) was replaced by low sea level pressure (SLP) over the Arctic Ocean, leading to ice divergence (ice extent «spreading out») and cooler temperatures.

We use the 9 climate variables of surface air temperature (SAT), sea level pressure (SLP), precipitation (rain), the top of atmosphere (TOA) shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) full - sky radiation, clear - sky radiation (CLR, radiative flux where clouds do not exists), and cloud radiative forcing (CRF, radiative effect by clouds diagnosed from the difference between full - sky and clear - sky radiation, Cess et al. 1990).

By 2050, he said, the triple pressures of growing population, economic development, and higher irrigation needs due to a warming climate will increase that to 0.82 millimeters per year — enough to raise sea levels by 40 millimeters (1.6 inches) above 1990 levelBy 2050, he said, the triple pressures of growing population, economic development, and higher irrigation needs due to a warming climate will increase that to 0.82 millimeters per year — enough to raise sea levels by 40 millimeters (1.6 inches) above 1990 levelby 40 millimeters (1.6 inches) above 1990 levels.

However, during the second half of July, ice loss slowed substantially as the high pressure over the central Arctic and Beaufort Sea was replaced by low sea level pressure (Figure Sea was replaced by low sea level pressure (Figure sea level pressure (Figure 3).