Sentences with phrase «by seasonal variations»

Long - term effects of warming and ocean acidification are modified by seasonal variations in species responses and environmental conditions

NRF is influenced by seasonal variations related to the tilt of the Earth's axis and degree of cloud cover as well as Earth's surface features... (View More) Using measurements taken by the CERES instrument, students will observe and analyze NRF patterns.

Long - term effects of warming and ocean acidification are modified by seasonal variation in species responses and environmental conditions

The variation is caused by seasonal variation in the amount of photosynthesis».

However, the «wiggles» and the range provided by the seasonal variation enable almost any curve to be fitted to the data because the data only exists for the short time since 1958.

Not exact matches

Examples of these risks, uncertainties and other factors include, but are not limited to the impact of: adverse general economic and related factors, such as fluctuating or increasing levels of unemployment, underemployment and the volatility of fuel prices, declines in the securities and real estate markets, and perceptions of these conditions that decrease the level of disposable income of consumers or consumer confidence; adverse events impacting the security of travel, such as terrorist acts, armed conflict and threats thereof, acts of piracy, and other international events; the risks and increased costs associated with operating internationally; our expansion into and investments in new markets; breaches in data security or other disturbances to our information technology and other networks; the spread of epidemics and viral outbreaks; adverse incidents involving cruise ships; changes in fuel prices and / or other cruise operating costs; any impairment of our tradenames or goodwill; our hedging strategies; our inability to obtain adequate insurance coverage; our substantial indebtedness, including the ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, and to generate the necessary amount of cash to service our existing debt; restrictions in the agreements governing our indebtedness that limit our flexibility in operating our business; the significant portion of our assets pledged as collateral under our existing debt agreements and the ability of our creditors to accelerate the repayment of our indebtedness; volatility and disruptions in the global credit and financial markets, which may adversely affect our ability to borrow and could increase our counterparty credit risks, including those under our credit facilities, derivatives, contingent obligations, insurance contracts and new ship progress payment guarantees; fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates; overcapacity in key markets or globally; our inability to recruit or retain qualified personnel or the loss of key personnel; future changes relating to how external distribution channels sell and market our cruises; our reliance on third parties to provide hotel management services to certain ships and certain other services; delays in our shipbuilding program and ship repairs, maintenance and refurbishments; future increases in the price of, or major changes or reduction in, commercial airline services; seasonal variations in passenger fare rates and occupancy levels at different times of the year; our ability to keep pace with developments in technology; amendments to our collective bargaining agreements for crew members and other employee relation issues; the continued availability of attractive port destinations; pending or threatened litigation, investigations and enforcement actions; changes involving the tax and environmental regulatory regimes in which we operate; and other factors set forth under «Risk Factors» in our most recently filed Annual Report on Form 10 - K and subsequent filings by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

By carefully micro-sampling each shell along its direction of growth and analyzing for stable carbon and oxygen isotopes and trace elements, the team reconstructed a record of seasonal variation during the lifetimes of the organisms.

Observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide made by aircraft at altitudes between 3 and 6 kilometers (10,000 - 20,000 feet) show that seasonal carbon dioxide variations have substantially changed during the last 50 years.

Ca seasonal variation follows the behaviour expected from impact vaporization by interplanetary dust, due to Mercury's substantial radial excursions (heliocentric distances between 0.306 AU at perihelion and 0.465 AU at aphelion).

The new seasonal variation, recorded by the Coherent Germanium Neutrino Technology (CoGeNT) experiment, is exactly what theoreticians had predicted if dark matter turned out to be what physicists call Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs).

Seasonal variations of leaf and canopy properties tracked by ground - based NDVI imagery in a temperate forest, Scientific Reports, 7:1267, DOI: 10.1038 / s41598 -017-01260-y.

The large - scale patterns of seasonal variation in several important atmospheric fields are now better simulated by AOGCMs than they were at the time of the TAR.

The seasonal fluctuation is caused by variations in uptake of carbon dioxide by land plants.

At the Amsterdam Island station, operated by the French polar institute Paul Emile Victor and surrounded by 3000 km of Ocean in all directions, both mercury and CO2 show near - zero seasonal variations (see Figure).

These orbital variations, which can be calculated from astronomical laws (Berger, 1978), force climate variations by changing the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of solar radiation (Chapter 6).

They are priced by distance and have three seasonal variations.

There are four different award charts used by ANA, of which two have seasonal variations, two are zone - based, and two are distance - based.

But by changing the planet's albedo through a large seasonal variation, the total insolation is changed — more sunlight is reflected back into space without being absorbed as heat.

«The Seasonal Variation of the Tropical Circulation as Simulated by a Global Model of the Atmosphere.»

One need to look at the AIRS data with some caution: what you see as «not well mixed» is in fact the seasonal variation, which is seen in the ground based stations too (the satellite data were calibrated by the stations and airplanes!).

The decadal LOD variations (e.g., approx. 4 ms around 1900; Hide et al. 2000) are too large in amplitude to be explained by the atmosphere; the largest atmospheric contributions observed are from the seasonal cycle and El Niño events (approx. 1 ms in amplitude).

It's the variation in the Solar / lunar tides resonantly interacting with the seasonal variations in the atmosphere that are being driven by the Sun.

The many benefits of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) include: small seasonal and daily variations in availability, benign environmental performance and by - products in a family of deep ocean water applications, for example food (aquaculture and agriculture) and potable water, and improving economics as a result of higher oil prices.

Come on Richard, The seasonal variation has nothing to do with the year by year variability in rise of CO2 levels nor with the trend itself.

In reality Imbalance in the seasonal variation CREATES the year by year variability in rise of CO2 levels AND the trend itself.

The seasonal variation has nothing to do with the year by year variability in rise of CO2 levels nor with the trend itself.

The amount is not merely trivial, but is also less than the seasonal variation in global CO2 and is not detectable by our present technology.

It is fastest over land where heat received by day is all lost by radiation to space at night although there are seasonal variations around the globe.

A third point, raised by Michael Hanemann is that the global average conceals a lot of seasonal and regional variation.

One sentence summary: A strengthened subtropical jet stream — which is the primary means by which El Niño brings increased precipitation to California — is unlikely to occur prior to winter due to the intrinsic seasonal cycle of temperature variations across the Pacific Basin.

In Wills article he says: - «because of the seasonally varying drawdown of CO2 by plant life and the seasonal temperature variations.

An examination of the data from: i) measurements of the fractionation of CO2 by way of Carbon - 12 and Carbon - 13 isotopes; ii) the seasonal variations of the concentration of CO2 in the Northern Hemisphere; and iii) the time delay between Northern and Southern Hemisphere variations in CO2, raises questions about the conventional explanation of the source of increased atmospheric CO2.

If we look at the data of seasonal variation of sea ice year by year at Arctic [North Pole] and Antarctic [South Pole] the year to year variations of seasonal trends are above the average at Antarctica and below the average at Arctic in the last decade.

I have now realised that the global albedo changes necessary and the changes in solar energy input to the oceans can be explained by the latitudinal shifts (beyond normal seasonal variation) of all the air circulation systems and in particular the net latitudinal positions of the three main cloud bands namely the two generated by the mid latitude jet streams plus the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).

Results indicate potential predictability of seasonal variations in storm activity in areas strongly influenced by ETCs and with origins in the investigated teleconnections.

Hall and Qu (2006) show that biases of a number of MMD models in reproducing the observed seasonal cycle of land snow cover (especially the spring melt) are tightly related to the large variations in snow albedo feedback strength simulated by the same models in climate change scenarios.

Mintz et al. (1972); as cited by GARP (1975), p. 200; importance of the seasonal cycle to check climate models was noted e.g. in Wilson and Matthews (1971), p. 145; Manabe had a rough seasonal simulation by 1970 and published a full seasonal variation in 1974.

The diurnal and seasonal variations add, however, to the circulation but can not lead to more net transfer of heat to upper altitudes than the optically thin atmosphere can lose by net IR (emission - absorption).

The Zhai methods have more shortcomings than those used by Brient & Schneider for their very similar emergent constraint, and the radical difference for four CMIP5 models in the two studies» assessment of consistency with the observational constraint from seasonal variations is a major concern.

Calculating the global CO2 forcing taking into account the geographical and seasonal variations has been done by Myhre and Stordahl 1997 (anyone locate a free online copy of this?)

Day - by - day variations of UV have to be put in the context of the seasonal peaks since daily variations can be simply due to weather related filtering at the surface level.»

1974 Syukuro Manabe, et al., «The Seasonal Variation of the Tropical Circulation as Simulated by a Global Model of the Atmosphere.»

The amount of insurance on Business Contents is automatically increased by up to 25 % Coverage Limit varies by company to provide for seasonal variations.