Sentences with phrase «by standard deviation at»

But the real impact is in the risk reduction we see in the form of much lower volatility as measured by standard deviation at 9.48 percent.

Not exact matches

At Google, an audit of their pay practices by the Department of Labor found «systemic compensation disparities against women pretty much across the entire workforce,» showing, one official has said, six to seven standard deviations between pay for men and women in nearly every job category.

Timmer: You know, the last two years until the January high, were really extraordinary times for the market, and I fear that investors got spoiled by that, because the S&P was up I think 52 % in two years and in 2017 the volatility — the standard deviation of those returns — was at an all - time low of 3.9.

If we take a look at the numbers another way, by price to sales, the average 2017 forward ratio is around 5.95 with a standard deviation of around 3.5.

Haldanes were calculated as h =[ (ln (x2) / sln x2) − (ln (x1) / sln x2)-RSB- / g, where ln (x1) and ln (x2) are the ln - transformed sample means of head length at the beginning and the end of the study period, respectively, sln x1 and sln x2 are the pooled standard deviations of ln (x1) and ln (x2), respectively, and g is the number of generations between the beginning and the end of the study period (years divided by generation length).

Our results show that each year of attendance at an oversubscribed Boston charter school increases the math test scores of students in our sample by 13 percent of a standard deviation.

• Each year of attendance at an oversubscribed charter school increased the math test scores of students in the sample by 13 percent of a standard deviation, a roughly 50 percent increase over the progress typical students make in a school year, but had no impact on their fluid cognitive skills.

The Chetty, Friedman, and Rockoff study finds that, on average, a 1 standard deviation improvement in teacher value added (equivalent to having a teacher in the 84th percentile rather than one at the median) for one year raises a student's earnings at age 28 by about 1 percent.

At worst, the taxpayers of Illinois paid $ 51 per student and saw test scores decrease by 0.002 of a standard deviation, a negligible amount.

For example, in 4th - grade math, we find that NCLB increased scores at the 10th percentile by roughly 0.29 standard deviations compared with an increase of only 0.17 standard deviations at the 90th percentile (see Figure 3).

When examined in this light, the impacts of NCLB — which the NRC estimates at a 0.08 standard deviation improvement in average achievement nationwide — are far greater than suggested by the NRC committee, which concludes that test - based accountability under NCLB had minimal impact and probably should be abandoned.

Relative to the median, a teacher at the 84th percentile increases math and English scores by 12 and 8 percent of a standard deviation, respectively — equivalent to approximately 3 months of additional instruction.

The impact on student math and reading achievement differed by about 20 percent of a standard deviation, a difference which the authors note is «striking, roughly equivalent to having a teacher who is at the 16th percentile of effectiveness rather than at the 50th percentile.»

In a randomized controlled trial conducted at the United States Military Academy (West Point), the authors find that unrestricted laptop use reduces students» exam scores by 0.18 standard deviations relative to students for whom laptop use was prohibited; tablets reduce scores by 0.17 standard deviations (see figure).

In math the graduates of the University of Florida, the state's premier university, outperformed the other institutions at teaching students in fourth to eighth grade by as much as 10 percent of a standard deviation, even though NCTQ gave it no better rating than Florida State or Florida Atlantic.

But once they reach puberty (approximately at age 11 for girls and age 13 for boys) math scores improve by eight percent of a standard deviation and reading score improvements remain at six percent of a standard deviation.

In math, the size of the gap has fallen nationally by 0.2 standard deviations, but that still leaves the average black 12th - grade student at only the 19th percentile of the white distribution.

Even if the largest estimates of peer effects are correct, however, the improvement in peers» prior test scores would appear to benefit KIPP students» achievement only by about 0.07 to 0.09 standard deviations after four years at KIPP.

By their low - end estimates of benefits (which total to just three standard deviations), each $ 100 spent on classroom coaches would be expected to yield at least a 0.25 standard deviations gain in achievement, very similar to the expected gain for full - day kindergarten.

That enables them to evaluate interventions aimed at increasing student achievement by 2 percentile points, or.08 standard deviations.

On average, a 1 - standard - deviation improvement in teacher value added (equivalent to having a teacher in the 84th percentile rather than one at the median) in a single grade raises a student's earnings at age 28 by about 1 percent.

Rigorous studies consistently show that the impact of a more - effective teacher is substantial A high - performing teacher, one at the 84th percentile of all teachers, when compared with just an average teacher, produces students whose level of achievement is at least 0.2 standard deviations higher by the end of the school year.

Using variation in course - taking that arises both from changes in course offerings at particular campuses in a particular term and from variation across students in the distance that they have to travel to take in - person courses, we find that taking a course online reduces student grades by 0.44 points on the traditional four - point grading scale, approximately a 0.33 standard deviation decline relative to taking a course in - person (See Figure 1).

Using this relationship, increasing per - pupil spending by 10 percent is associated with about 0.12 standard deviations higher test scores (this relationship is statistically significant at the 1 percent level).

If black students in the sample continue to lose ground through 9th grade at the rate experienced in the first two years of school, they will lag behind white students on average by a full standard deviation in raw math and reading scores and by more than two - thirds of a standard deviation in math even after controlling for observable characteristics (the gap would be substantially smaller in reading).

Specifically, we find math achievement falls by 0.12 standard deviations and reading achievement falls by 0.09 standard deviations for transitions at grade 6 (see Figure 1).

In math, the differences in gains made by African Americans and Hispanics at AYP schools and non-AYP schools are 11 and 12 percent of a standard deviation, respectively.

In English and maths, around 10 % of students regressed by at least 1 standard deviation or 12.5 on the scaled scores.

Although Gaetz's bill does not include fiscal expenditures, as noted in the main text (§ IV, supra), in reviewing the start time / academic achievement studies undertaken by fellow economists, Columbia University Assistant Professor of Finance and Economics Jonah Rockoff and the Walter H. Annenberg Professor of Education Policy, Professor of Economics, and Professor of Education at the University of Michigan, Brian Jacob, concluded that delaying middle and high school start times «from roughly 8 a.m. to 9 a.m. -LSB-,]» will increase academic achievement by 0.175 standard deviations on average, with effects for disadvantaged students roughly twice as large as advantaged students, at little or no cost to schools; i.e., a 9 to 1 benefits to costs ratio when utilizing single - tier busing, the most expensive transportation method available.

To be labeled gifted in Louisiana, by and large, students must score at least two standard deviations above the mean on a standardized reading and math test chosen by the district or on an intelligence test (two standard deviations above the mean translates to a score of 130 on the IQ test and is near the 98th percentile).

By the end of fifth grade in France, the relative benefit to disadvantaged pupils who start at the amazingly early age of 2 rather than 4 is over one - half of a standard deviation, quite a large effect size.

Looking at the table, consider again two teachers who differ by one standard deviation on value - added in the initial year.

At these low - performing schools, test scores fell by an average of.3 standard deviations after Act 10's implementation, with a larger effect in the second year after the law's implementation than in the first.

On average, each year enrolled at one of these schools increases math scores by 0.08 standard deviations and English / language arts scores by 0.04 standard deviations.

Dahl and Lochner say, «Our baseline estimates imply that a $ 1,000 increase in income raises math test scores by 2.1 percent and reading test scores by 3.6 percent of a standard deviation (Available at: http://www.irp.wisc.edu/research/education.htm).»

We track short - term pain by looking at a fund's maximum drawdown, its Ulcer index which measures the depth and duration of a drawdown, its standard deviation and downside deviation.

The world - wide portfolio more than doubles the 40 - year return of the S&P 500 at less risk when measured by standard deviation and the worst five - year period.

However, annualized risk, as measured by standard deviation calculated based on monthly total return for the same period stood at 15.25 %.

It beat its Russell 2000 ® index benchmark in one -, three -, five - and ten - year periods as well as since inception through 2013, at a comparable risk level measured by a standard deviation of returns.

Risk, when measured by standard deviation, is minimized with a 50 % allocation to the DRS.. The Sharpe ratio, which is the most commonly used measure of risk / return trade - off, is maximized at around a 70 % allocation to the DRS.

This is a very interesting variation for aggressive investors who want to seek even higher returns without much additional risk, (at least as measured by standard deviation.

Another way to look at the results of the AAII screens is to calculate compound annual returns divided by standard deviation for each series of results from 1998 to 2012.

The authors also sorted each quartile of popularity into sub-quartiles by standard deviation to look at overall volatility.

* To arrive at that number, I simply divided the monthly standard deviation for the 70/30 portfolio by the standard deviation for the 100 % stock portfolio.

At about 15 %, the fund's volatility, measured by an annualized standard deviation of monthly returns in the entire analysis period, was slightly lower than that of the overall stock market.

, but the most likely interpretation, and the one borne out by looking at their Table IIa, is that sigma is calculated as the standard deviation of the model trends.

I guess there is some way to look at this this quantitatively — standard deviation of hockey stick index by variable across the rest of the parameter space or just standard deviation of the curves for a given variable (changing states)?

However, models would need to underestimate variability by factors of over two in their standard deviation to nullify detection of greenhouse gases in near - surface temperature data (Tett et al., 2002), which appears unlikely given the quality of agreement between models and observations at global and continental scales (Figures 9.7 and 9.8) and agreement with inferences on temperature variability from NH temperature reconstructions of the last millennium.

If you look at that chart, the normalizing by dividing by standard deviation and then taking the difference, is not like super advanced math.

This range is constructed by computing the standard deviation (σ) of the 40 regression values at each grid box for each variable (SLP, SAT and P) based on detrended data during 1920 — 2012, and subtracting / adding these values (multiplied by two) from / to the ensemble mean regression value.