Sentences with phrase «by stratospheric»

Observations were taken by the Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU) satellite borne instrument over roughly 44 - 56 km altitude.

Albedo enhancement by stratospheric sulphur injections: A contribution to resolve a policy dilemma?

Solar cycle variability is greatest at ultraviolet wavelengths, which are largely absorbed by the stratospheric ozone layer.

Although the amount of UV radiation reaching the snow surface at Summit is notably influenced by stratospheric ozone levels, the UV measurement time series available in the Arctic is not yet long enough to allow trends to be detected.

Kleinschmitt, C., Boucher, O., and Platt, U.: Sensitivity of the radiative forcing by stratospheric sulfur geoengineering to the amount and strategy of the SO2 injection studied with the LMDZ - S3A model, Atmos.

You tried to explain away the problem for your theory (insignificant solar influence) caused by the stratospheric temperature trend apparently usually going in the opposite direction to that of the higher levels but so far have failed to do so.

An important issue is whether the actual surface temperature responses to the forcing by stratospheric O3 has the same relationship with forcing as obtained for, say, CO2 or solar constant changes.

The ozone is then transported by stratospheric air currents to the Arctic and to Antarctica.»

Oinas, V., A.A. Lacis, D. Rind, D.T. Shindell, and J.E. Hansen, 2001: Radiative cooling by stratospheric water vapor: Big differences in GCM results.

Furthermore, a second, dynamical effect on the AMOC is identified driven by the stratospheric cooling in response to the reduced solar forcing.

The positive SAM trend, implying lower pressures over the polar latitudes and relatively higher pressures over mid-latitudes, has been most pronounced in the austral summer and autumn, and has been attributed to forcing by stratospheric ozone depletion, and to a lesser extent, increases in greenhouse gasses (e.g. Arblaster and Meehl 2006).

Volcanic eruptions (indicated in red by the stratospheric optical depth) impose a short term cooling influence of several years.

7 Global Warming An increase in global temperatures due to increases in the concentrations of greenhouse gases Increased CO 2 concentrations exerts largest radiative forcing (i.e., explains bulk of temperature increase) NOT CAUSED BY STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION

This is followed by stratospheric cooling in a few years but it never reaches the lower troposphere.

Turner, J. et al (2009) Non-annular atmospheric circulation change induced by stratospheric ozone depletion and its role in the recent increase of Antarctic sea ice extent.

Non-annular atmospheric circulation change induced by stratospheric ozone depletion and its role in the recent increase of Antarctic sea ice extent.

I also suspect Australia's 1970s «pluvial» was influenced by stratospheric ozone depletion pulling the monsoon and other moist air systems far into the continent.

Crutzen P. (2006): Albedo enhancements by stratospheric sulphur injections: a contribution to resolve a policy dilemma?

Warming must occur below the tropopause to increase the net LW flux out of the tropopause to balance the tropopause - level forcing; there is some feedback at that point as the stratosphere is «forced» by the fraction of that increase which it absorbs, and a fraction of that is transfered back to the tropopause level — for an optically thick stratosphere that could be significant, but I think it may be minor for the Earth as it is (while CO2 optical thickness of the stratosphere alone is large near the center of the band, most of the wavelengths in which the stratosphere is not transparent have a more moderate optical thickness on the order of 1 (mainly from stratospheric water vapor; stratospheric ozone makes a contribution over a narrow wavelength band, reaching somewhat larger optical thickness than stratospheric water vapor)(in the limit of an optically thin stratosphere at most wavelengths where the stratosphere is not transparent, changes in the net flux out of the stratosphere caused by stratospheric warming or cooling will tend to be evenly split between upward at TOA and downward at the tropopause; with greater optically thickness over a larger fraction of optically - significant wavelengths, the distribution of warming or cooling within the stratosphere will affect how such a change is distributed, and it would even be possible for stratospheric adjustment to have opposite effects on the downward flux at the tropopause and the upward flux at TOA).

Before the response of the surface + troposphere, what allows stratospheric cooling is the TOA forcing being less than the tropopause - level forcing; both are affected by the stratospheric temperature profile.

In regards to Michael Jankowski's comment (# 11), the Fu et al. (2004, Nature) article showed that the satellite record of tropospheric temperature trends, based on the Microwave Sounding Unit channel 2, is contaminated by stratospheric cooling on the order of -0.08 K / decade.

Hi Chris (# 19) Raypierre points out that in the absence of solar absorption by stratospheric ozone, added CO2 would warm all layers.

Volcanic activity is indicated by Stratospheric Aerosol forcing in the link below.

Roy Spencer let the cat out of the bag when he mentioned that their MSU3 / AMSU7 series (called TP for tropopause) is also impacted by stratospheric cooling and that a correction could be applied to the TP just as the MT is corrected producing the LT series.

Well, Artspace VIP client manager Hannah Flegelman has gathered together six highly covetable pieces, from new directions by two of today's most sought - after painters to an elegant piece by a stratospheric auction star.

They are typically generated at high altitudes by stratospheric mountain waves — when strong winds that blow over the tops of high mountains are driven up towards space.

Scientists from the UNIGE explain the global temperature drop by a stratospheric injection of large amounts of sulphur dioxide reducing the intensity of solar radiation reaching the surface of Earth.

Whenever Andrew Cuomo would rant how New York State is being choked by the stratospheric number of local government entities — 10,521, by his count — around the state, he surely had a picture of Green Island in his head.

Derivatives trading is the culmination of a wild year for bitcoin, which captured imaginations and investment around the world, propelled by its stratospheric gains, and its anti-establishment mission as a currency without the backing of a government or a central bank, and a payment system without a reliance on banks.

Not exact matches

Steering is made possible by moving the balloons to different altitudes - where stratospheric winds travel in different directions.

In the late 1980s, on the heels of a three - decade long «Economic Miracle,» Japan experienced its infamous «bubble economy» in which stock and real estate prices soared to stratospheric heights driven by a speculative mania.

This beverage features the EPA Stratospheric Award winning Microcool technology, developed, patented, and licensed by Joseph Company International, which is eco-friendly using CO2 reclaimed from the atmosphere, and activated carbon ascertained from a renewable vegetable source.

De Blasio got himself noticed by hitting Bloomberg the hardest and giving voice to the millions of struggling New Yorkers who looked at the post-9 / 11 gilded - age excess all around them — the stratospheric rents and impossibly high cost of living, the bank branches and chain stores squeezing out local mom - and - pops, the very skyline remade by gleaming new high - rises catering to hedge - funders and Chinese and Russian billionaires — and worried it could permanently transform the greatest city in the world into an open - air luxury mall for the global super-rich.

And despite Prince Andrew's stratospheric popularity, who's to say with economic inequality getting worse and the middle class continuing to get squeezed by taxes and the pressure of having to pay for everyone above them and everyone below them simultaneously, that Cuomo fatigue in 2014 could make it deja vu all over again, as famous philosopher Yogi Berra might say?

«We should be mindful to the growing threat to stratospheric ozone posed by dichloromethane and similar chemicals not controlled by the Montreal Protocol.

Now, research suggests that for the past decade, such stratospheric aerosols — injected into the atmosphere by either recent volcanic eruptions or human activities such as coal burning — are slowing down global warming.

This implies that future stratospheric cooling, induced by an increase in the anthropogenic carbon dioxide burden, is likely to enhance denitrification and to delay until late in the next century the return of Arctic stratospheric ozone to preindustrial values.

The controversial approach, known as stratospheric aerosol injection, is designed to effectively cool the Earth's surface by reflecting some sunlight before it reaches the surface.

The stratospheric sudden warming events analyzed in the paper are driven by air waves traveling upward from the troposphere — «so one could argue whether or not the troposphere is the primary cause of events,» Reichler says.

The $ 30,000 test, part of a project called Stratospheric Particle Injection for Climate Engineering (SPICE), is inspired by the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines.

«For a period of several weeks, wide areas of the Arctic were covered by polar stratospheric clouds between about 14 and 26 kilometers height.

Through extensive modeling of stratospheric chemistry, the team found that calcite, a constituent of limestone, could counter ozone loss by neutralizing emissions - borne acids in the atmosphere, while also reflecting light and cooling the planet.

Now, upstart commercial companies like World View are launching smaller balloons that can remain in place by surfing stratospheric winds.

Bolden was challenged by Wolf and other lawmakers on several elements of the administration's 2015 budget proposal, including the decision to continue funding a controversial asteroid capture mission, and the decision to mothball the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) if NASA can't find more partners to share the cost.

This possibility is set in a disturbing context by the latest measurements of stratospheric ozone by the World Meteorological Organization.

Aircraft emissions probably play a crucial role in ozone destruction by fuelling the formation of polar stratospheric clouds.

He received the 2005 Stratospheric Ozone Protection Award from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, has been honored by being selected a Fellow of two major professional science societies.

Geoengineering activities are mimicked in the models by modifying the volcanic aerosol radiative inputs, applied as variations in stratospheric optical depth over four zonal bands bounded by the equator, 30degreesN and 30degreesS.

The research project StratoClim (Stratospheric and upper tropospheric processes for better climate predictions) is funded by the European Union.

Stratospheric heating by potential geoengineering aerosols Geoengineering aerosols change stratospheric radiative heating rates Heating rates depend on aerosol speStratospheric heating by potential geoengineering aerosols Geoengineering aerosols change stratospheric radiative heating rates Heating rates depend on aerosol spestratospheric radiative heating rates Heating rates depend on aerosol species and size