Sentences with phrase «by temperature observations»

Not exact matches

Robert Goddard in 1920 was the first to describe what a heat shield was based upon observations of meteors and their core temperature however it took 31 more years for the heat shield to be developed by H. Julian Allen at the Ames Research Center.

Fritz Zwicky used it for the first time to declare the observed phenomena consistent with dark matter observations as the rotational speeds of galaxies and orbital velocities of galaxies in clusters, gravitational lensing of background objects by galaxy clusters such as the Bullet cluster, and the temperature distribution of hot gas in galaxies and clusters of galaxies.

Measuring - Temperature and Thermometers Classifying Components of Mixtures Predicting - Surveying Opinion SAPA Part C, Directions for the Multiplication Game SAPA Part C and E, Multiplication Game SAPA Part D 1st Draft, c. 1972 The Whirling Dervish The Bouncing Ball The Effect of Liquid on Living Tissue Rate of Change Observing Growth from Seeds An Intro to Scales Forces on Static and Moving Objects Observations and Inferences Using Punch Cards to Record a Classification Using Maps to Describe Location A Tree Diary SAPA Part D 2nd Draft Observations and Inferences The Bouncing Ball Rate of Change A Tree Diary An Intro to Scales and Scaling Observing Growth from Seeds (The Bean - It Came Up) Forces on Static and Moving Objects Using Punch Cards to Record a Classification Relative Position and Motion Inferring - The Water Cycle Predicting 4 - The Suffocating Candle The Big Cleanup Campaign 2 - D Representation of Spatial Figures Using Maps to Describe Location SAPA Part D Tryout Draft, 1972 Observations and Inferences The Bouncing Ball Measuring Drop by Drop Rate of Change Predicting 4 - The Suffocating Candle Forces on Static and Movign Objects Observing Growth from Seeds Using Space / Time Relationships -2-D Representation of Spatial Figures Using Punch Cards to Record a Classification An Introduction to Scales and Scaling The Effect of Liquid on Living Tissue Inferring - The Water Cycle Relative Position and Motion Using Maps to Describe Location The Big Cleanup Campaign A Tree Diary SAPA II Module (s), c. 1973 1, Tentative Format Sample, Perception of Color 9, Sets and Their Members 6, Direction and Movement, Draft 34, About How Far?

Scientific observations show that in the Arctic, warming temperatures have led to a 75 % loss in sea ice volume since the 1980s, and recent reports suggest the Arctic Ocean will be nearly free of summer sea ice by 2050, said Sullivan.

The controversial observation could be explained by the mission's previous discovery of perchlorate salts in the soil, since the salts can keep water liquid at sub-zero temperatures.

Further observations by lead researcher Cheng - Jiun Ma provided the critical clue: The temperatures of the constituent gas clouds — whose collective mass far outweighs the galaxies — suggested that the researchers were looking at multiple clusters colliding.

Detailed comparison of new observations and supercomputer simulations has only now allowed researchers to understand how this can happen: the gas is first heated to temperatures of tens of millions of degrees by the energy released by the supermassive black hole powering the quasar.

It thrives at low temperatures — a trait that fit with Hicks's observation that only hibernating bats seemed to be affected by the disease, which came to be known as white - nose syndrome.

By measuring the surface temperature of a Kuiper Belt object, and combining this with optical observations, its surface reflectivity and hence its diameter can be determined accurately.

By simulating past summers — instead of relying solely on observations — the scientists established a large range of temperatures that could have occurred naturally under the same conditions, including greenhouse gas concentrations and volcanic eruptions.

Temperature observations are sparse around the hostile continent, but scientists recently modeled the ocean current knock - on effects of these wind changes, which have been caused by ozone thinning and by the buildup of greenhouse gases.

Since the UHI effect is reduced in windy conditions, if the UHI effect was a significant component of the temperature record, then we would see a different rate of warming when observations are stratified by calm or windy conditions.

The number of sea surface temperature observations in ICOADS has increased due to recent digitization by NCEI.

As a consequence, their results are strongly influenced by the low increase in observed warming during the past decade (about 0.05 °C / decade in the 1998 — 2012 period compared to about 0.12 °C / decade from 1951 to 2012, see IPCC 2013), and therewith possibly also by the incomplete coverage of global temperature observations (Cowtan and Way 2013).

From 1966 to 2003 the modeled mean world ocean temperature in the upper 700 m increased 0.097 Â °C and by 0.137 Â °C according to observations (Levitus et al., 2005); the modeled mean temperature adjusted for sea ice in the corresponding layer of the Arctic Ocean increased 0.203 Â °C.

Recently observations of the light reflected by these planets provided insight on the cloud distribution on the dayside of these planets: for a handful of planets clouds seem more abundant on the western than on the eastern side of the dayside hemisphere and, more importantly, this asymmetry depends on the equilibrium temperature of the planet.

Various global temperature projections by mainstream climate scientists and models, and by climate contrarians, compared to observations by NASA GISS.

However, we also specifically show how high - contrast AO and speckle imaging observations detect companions at larger separations ($ \ theta \ geq $ 0.02 - 0.05») that are missed by the spectroscopic technique, provide additional information for characterizing the companion and its potential contamination (e.g., PA, separation, $ \ Delta $ m), and cover a wider range of primary star effective temperatures.

«A new study based on satellite observations finds that temperatures could rise nearly 5 °C by the end of the century.»

A very recent study by Saba et al. (2015) specifically analyzed sea surface temperatures off the US east coast in observations and a suite of global warming runs with climate models.

So we don't really know the temperature lag or how the temperature is supposed to behave until equilibrium, and the sensitivity will be difficult to confirm by direct observation (say, in our lifetime)?

The observations made possible by the band 9 receivers allow astronomers to study molecular clouds — the dense regions of gas and dust where new stars are being born — at higher temperatures and densities, and with higher angular resolution, thus complementing the longer wavelength bands.

All data recorded during animal experiment will be supplied in a final report, i.e. clinical observations and monitored parameters like body temperature, weight, haematology or biochemistry analysis, animals» behaviour or any other information required by users.

Anesthesia and surgical pain management must be totally controlled by an individual completely dedicated during the entire procedure to constant observation of monitors including respiration, EKG, blood pressure, and core body temperature.

This stage also prepares you to perform physical examinations by learning to record observations, test and monitor vital signs, and determine the patient's weight, respiratory rate and temperature.

The red line shows the observations (HadCRU3 data), the black line a standard IPCC - type scenario (driven by observed forcing up to the year 2000, and by the A1B emission scenario thereafter), and the green dots with bars show individual forecasts with initialised sea surface temperatures.

And of course the new paper by Hausfather et al, that made quite a bit of news recently, documents how meticulously scientists work to eliminate bias in sea surface temperature data, in this case arising from a changing proportion of ship versus buoy observations.

Global warming deniers * pull similar dirty tricks with the comparison of global temperature with model projections — for example, by plotting only the tropical mid-troposphere, and by comparing observations with the projections of scenarios which are furthest from reality.

Although some earlier work along similar lines had been done by other paleoclimate researchers (Ed Cook, Phil Jones, Keith Briffa, Ray Bradley, Malcolm Hughes, and Henry Diaz being just a few examples), before Mike, no one had seriously attempted to use all the available paleoclimate data together, to try to reconstruct the global patterns of climate back in time before the start of direct instrumental observations of climate, or to estimate the underlying statistical uncertainties in reconstructing past temperature changes.

You can also account for possible errors in the amplitudes of the external forcing and the model response by scaling the signal patterns to best match the observations without influencing the attribution from fingerprinting methods, and this provides a more robust framework for attributing signals than simply looking at the time history of global temperature in models and obs and seeing if they match up or not.

It is predicated on observations and established science — that CO2 is a greenhouse gas, that humans are increasing CO2 in the atmosphere and that doubling CO2 will raise global temperatures by about 3 degrees.

Air temperature increases similar to those observed aloft since 1960, amplified by associated increases in humidity, account for a significant portion of the enhanced ablation leading to this strongly negative mass balance, but the exact proportion is highly uncertain because of the short span of energy and mass balance observations.

If the predicted cooling by la Nina had not occurred then 2008 would probably have been the same temperature (given the uncertainties) as every year since 2001 and that in itself would require explanation.I am broadly in favour of the global warmingCO2 hypothesis but I know it is just that, a hypothesis — and that needs testing against real observations in the physical world.

The model variables that are evaluated against all sorts of observations and measurements range from solar radiation and precipitation rates, air and sea surface temperatures, cloud properties and distributions, winds, river runoff, ocean currents, ice cover, albedos, even the maximum soil depth reached by plant roots (seriously!).

In some cases, reviewers and / or editors supportive of mainstream views totally block important papers from being published; McKitrick, McIntyre and Herman had to completely rewrite their recent paper — showing that high tropical tropospheric temperature trends for the last three decades produced by climate models are inconsistent with observations — as a study of applying statistical methods developed in econometrics, and submit it to a journal with a more open - minded editor, in order to get it published at all.

Observations of the humidity in the upper troposphere and its relation with sea surface temperature in areas of deep convection point to an overall positive climate feedback by water vapour in the upper troposphere, which is inconsistent with the Iris effect.

Kosaka and Xie 2013, in which a climate model is manipulated by restoring temperatures to observations in the eastern equatorial Pacific.

From 1966 to 2003 the modeled mean world ocean temperature in the upper 700 m increased 0.097 Â °C and by 0.137 Â °C according to observations (Levitus et al., 2005); the modeled mean temperature adjusted for sea ice in the corresponding layer of the Arctic Ocean increased 0.203 Â °C.

Thus, given the height and value of the emission temperature, we can get a simple estimate for the surface temperature: 255K + 5.5 km * 6K / km = 288K (= 15oC; close to the global mean estimated from observations given by NCDC of ~ 14oC).

Fig. 1 (b) shows that the anomaly between observations and the CMIP5 mean temperature response to cumulative emissions is halved by repeating the Millar analysis with the GISTEMP product instead of HadCRUT.

As has been noted by others, this is comparing model temperatures after 2020 to an observation - based temperature in 2015, and of course the latter is lower — partly because it is based on HadCRUT4 data as discussed above, but equally so because of comparing different points in time.

You stated: «Thus, given the height and value of the emission temperature, we can get a simple estimate for the surface temperature: 255K + 5.5 km * 6K / km = 288K (= 15oC; close to the global mean estimated from observations given by NCDC of ~ 14oC).»

The observations from the Laptev Sea in 2007 indicate that the bottom water temperatures on the mid-shelf increased by more than 3 C compared to the long - term mean as a consequence of the unusually high summertime surface water temperatures.

To conclude, a projection from 1981 for rising temperatures in a major science journal, at a time that the temperature rise was not yet obvious in the observations, has been found to agree well with the observations since then, underestimating the observed trend by about 30 %, and easily beating naive predictions of no - change or a linear continuation of trends.

Yet those points are actually much more important than the observation that temperatures have increase by 0.8 degrees in the past few decades or that we're going to 1000 ppm.

According to that chart of actual satellite and surface temperature observations vs. what was predicted by 90 different climate models, 95 percent of models overestimated... C3: Climate Model — Charts / Graphs C3 Headlines» climate - model - chartsgraphs

Only an amateur with no concept of the material (Stokes) derivative and time - series aliasing would conclude that lack of serial observations, such as provided by land - station data, of diurnally varying temperature at fixed oceanic locations is «not a problem.»

Forest et al. 2006 compares observations of multiple surface, upper air and deep - ocean temperature changes with simulations thereof by the MIT 2D climate model run at many climate parameter settings.

It's hard to see how water vapor could be a negative feedback if 1) water vapor is a greenhouse gas (undeniable); and 2) water vapor increases with temperature (supported by theory and observations).

Improved sea ice parameterisations and a mixing scheme that included the effect of the mechanical stirring by winds in the creation of the mixed layer resulted in control climates that better matched salinity and temperature observations.