Sentences with phrase «by the electrons as»

At these «beamlines» scientists harvest X-rays produced by the electrons as they pass through carefully controlled magnetic fields (see «Europe's shining new light», New Scientist, 14 March 1992).

One puzzle they pondered were the trails of droplets left by electrons as they passed through cloud chambers, an apparatus used to track the movements of charged particles.

Not exact matches

By this he means an energy project that could produce electrons for the grid in mass quantity, as opposed to something clever that barely generates more energy than you put in to build it.

Charge Nurse Betty Charge Nurse Betty wrote me this, «Of GODDESS and by Goddess we of womanliness are not gods because there is Only That Which Is, and therefore Natural, and Not supernatural, as the electron goeth Not around backwards.

As an algae biologist I was initially struck by the cover graphic: a stained glass window made of diatoms, the tiny planktonic creatures whose exquisite outer shells are visible only through the electron microscope.

Thus, at the lowest level, electrons tend to unite and converge in the atom; atoms converge by molecularization, crystallization; molecules unite by polymerization; cells unite by conjugation, reproduction, association; nerve ganglions concentrate and localize to form a brain by what might be called a process of cephalization; the higher animal groups form colonies, hives, herds, societies, etc.; man socializes and forms civilizations as foci of attraction and organization.

His analysis of the idea of molecular structure from «first principles» shows that if one starts from a description of the molecule as an isolated, dynamical system consisting of the number of electrons and nuclei implied by the stoichiometric formula that interact via electromagnetic forces, one can not even calculate the most important parameters in chemistry, namely, those that describe the molecular structure.8

It should be very clear now that to speak of the enduring object which constitutes the life of an electron is not by any stretch of the imagination to identify electrons as enduring objects, as Cobb claims, which is the sole point that needs to be made about this passage.

In the first experience of a new individual, memory must by definition be lacking; insofar as electrons and the like lack enduring individual identity, neither can they remember.

As one moves up levels of organization — electrons, atoms, molecules, cells, and so on — the properties of each larger whole are given, not merely by the units of which it is composed, but by the new relations among these units.

We will be concerned, however, with mental models of systems which for various reasons can not be represented by replicas, such as the economy of a nation, the electrons in an atom or the biblical God.

For this reason, Whitehead's assignment of freedom as well as the vast causal influence of the past even to such minute entities as electrons seems to be in accord with the world revealed to us by science.

But, as Bohm points out, such a position can not stand up to critical analysis, for the molecules studied by biologists in living organisms are constituted of electrons, protons and other such particles, from which it must follow that they too are capable of behaving in ways that can not be described in terms of mechanical concepts.

Other effects, such as light scattering from cosmic dust and the synchrotron radiation generated by electrons moving around galactic magnetic fields within our own galaxy, can also produce these polarisation twists.

These are considerably stronger than covalent bonds, held together by multiples of: +1 charges (the same charge as a proton) and the -1 charge of an electron, creating a neutral formula.

There are basically two types of lines, those produced by collisions between the atoms or ions and the electrons in the surrounding gas, which are called collision lines, and which are very bright for elements such as oxygen, nitrogen and neon, and lines which are produced when ions capture free electrons, which are called recombination lines, and which are bright only for those gases with the highest abundances in the interstellar medium: hydrogen and helium.

These 10 sets encode proteins responsible for four related bioenergetic processes: nuclear - encoded mitochondrial electron transport (the key energy - extracting operation), mitochondrial biogenesis (by which new mitochondria are formed) as well as glucose utilization and glucose sensing (processes by which glucose levels are evaluated and modified).

As a young professor at the California Institute of Technology, Pauling realized that he could explain the magnetism of certain molecules by the arrangements of their electrons and that this approach satisfied the predictions of quantum mechanics.

As a result, the fractal fibers can reduce secondary electron emission by up to 80 percent.

These electrons, known as photoelectrons, have a very specific energy of 24.1 electronvolts, which means they can be traced by the CAPS instrument, and easily distinguished from other electrons, as they propagate through the surrounding magnetic field.»

As its sharp - tipped probe scans a surface, the extent to which electrons «tunnel» between the tip and surface indicates changes in height caused by the presence of atoms.

As the EPR experiment pointed out, according to quantum theory, if two particles — electrons, for example — are initially vibrating in unison (a state called coherence), they can remain in wavelike synchronization even if they are separated by a large distance.

«One way to know is by understanding how electrons move around in these materials so we can develop new ways of manipulating them — for example, with light instead of electrical current as conventional computers do.»

Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.

These photos show UV - irradiated amorphous water ice observed by a transmission electron microscope as the temperature rose (25K / -248 C / -414 F, 70K / -203 C / -333 F, 96K / -177 C / -287 F, 120K / -153 C / -243 F).

Molecules such as proteins are surrounded by water that helps them maintain their structures, but electron microscopy dried up the water.

DAMPE's data could help to determine whether a surprising pattern in the abundance of high - energy electrons and positrons — detected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) aboard the International Space Station — comes from dark matter or from astronomical sources such as pulsars, says Pohl, who also works on the AMS.

Structure of the monomeric yeast ATP synthase, shown as a surface representation, as determined by cryo - electron microscopy.

This freely moving particle, predicted by many grand theories of the universe, is thought to carry a single quantum of magnetic «charge», rather as an electron carries a single unit of electric charge.

Auroras are caused by streams of charged particles like electrons that come from various origins such as solar winds, the planetary ionosphere, and moon volcanism.

Between 150 and 350 kilometers above Earth's surface, the density of free - floating electrons should drop by a factor of two as they rejoin atoms, the researchers say.

In Bohm's model, the quantum weirdness that had so captivated Bohr, Heisenberg, and the rest — and that had so upset young Bell, when parroted by his teachers — arose because certain variables, such as the electron's initial position, could never be specified precisely: efforts to measure the initial position would inevitably disturb the system.

«By twisting and controlling the molecular bonds with light,» Awschalom says, «it is possible to operate on the electron spins as they move through the chemical structure.»

Ion engines work by stripping electrons from the atoms of an inert gas such as xenon, making them positively charged.

In particular, if an atom inside a solid such as a silica wafer is hit by an X-ray photon and a hole forms, it's not clear that the excited electron hangs around to form an exciton.

Solid - state systems, such as those in computers and communication devices, use electrons; their electronic signaling and power are controlled by field - effect transistors.

The image, captured by a scanning electron microscope, was taken as the nanowires grew on silicon at room temperature.

In this case, he was testing the idea that a buildup of cellular damage caused by oxidation — technically, the chemical removal of electrons from a molecule by highly reactive compounds, such as free radicals — is the main mechanism behind aging.

A chemical bond is the physical phenomenon of chemical substances being held together by attraction of atoms to each other through sharing, as well as exchanging, of electrons - or electrostatic forces.

In that case, the electrons can flow in only a few quantum channels that close one by one as the magnetic field increases.

Clouds of electrons created by ionised gas in the beam chamber and microscopic dust particles — playfully known as unidentified falling objects, or UFOs — are interrupting the beams and making it harder to get the LHC running consistently.

The special treatment alters the chemical composition of the complex sandwich structure — thereby altering its electronic properties, as confirmed by various methods including detailed electron microscope investigations.

Scientists have worked out the spatial distribution of electron and positron density in Ps as given by the solution of the Schroedinger equation.

When the researchers switched the electric current off by deoxygenating the water, thereby removing the electron acceptor at the sediment surface, the depth of the hydrogen sulfide layer in the sediment rose in less than an hour, as deeper microbes could no longer consume it.

The Hall voltage climbs as the magnetic field increases in a series of even steps whose spacing is set by the electron's charge.

Some researchers hope to get around such problems by exploiting tiny waves of electrons that exist on the boundary between a metal and an electrical insulator such as glass or silicon.

As a result, the electrons have to travel by a more circuitous route, and their movement is much slower.

By oxidation or reduction, i.e. the donation or acceptance of electrons, the catalysts convert combustion pollutants, such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons, into carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen.

Atoms of most elements, such as hydrogen, oxygen and carbon, form tight chemical bonds by sharing electrons with their neighbours in order to give each atom a stable configuration of electrons.

These include atomic constituents such as electrons, protons, and neutrons (protons and neutrons are actually composite particles, made up of quarks), particles produced by radiative and scattering processes, such as photons, neutrinos, and muons, as well as a wide range of exotic particles.