Sentences with phrase «by the molecules in»

As a transiting planet passes in front of its star, some starlight passes through the planet's atmosphere and continues on toward Earth — minus certain spectral frequencies that have been absorbed by molecules in the atmosphere.

Impressions left by molecules in the surface of silica gel may act as a catalyst for other similar molecules, but not for their mirror images, according to a group of Japanese chemists.

«When an exoplanet passes in front of its star, light can be absorbed at some wavelengths by molecules in the atmosphere, which we can analyze by looking at how light passes through the planet's atmosphere,» said Benjamin Charnay, a postdoctoral researcher in the University of Washington Department of Astronomy.

UBC theoretical cosmology graduate student Elham Alipour, UBC physicist Kris Sigurdson and Ohio State University astrophysicist Christopher Hirata probed the effect of Rayleigh scattering — the process that makes the sky appear blue when the Sun's photons are scattered by molecules in the atmosphere — on the cosmic microwave background (CMB).

Some wavelengths of the starlight will be absorbed by molecules in the atmosphere while other wavelengths will shine straight through.

What I'm saying is that TOA, as far as radiative energy is concerned, for CO2 or other IR absorbing gas, is effectively the altitude where the chance that a photon will be absorbed, and emitted back in a direction that will lead it to being absorbed again by a molecule in the atmosphere, becomes negligible.

5) A warming effect in the atmosphere arises because between coming in and going out the radiant energy is «processed» by the molecules in the atmosphere into heat energy and then back again, often many times for a single parcel of radiant energy, the number of times being directly proportionate to the density of the atmosphere.

When that energy hits molecules in the atmosphere some of the energy is absorbed by the molecules in the atmosphere which then vibrate more quickly.

Some portion of this energy is reflected back into space by the Earth's atmosphere, another portion is dispersed and scattered by the molecules in the atmosphere and a large portion penetrates through the Earth's atmosphere to reach the surface of the Earth.

iv) The DLR can not penetrate beyond SST (skin) so ALL the DLR gets absorbed by molecules in that region and ALL those molecules in due course find their way to SS (int).

Not exact matches

By flying a robot through watery plumes, scientists might detect molecules that support life's existence in a subsurface ocean.

But what if you could buy an exact replica, precisely recreated molecule by molecule, for less money than you likely have in your wallet right now?

What Boger wants is to create a better way to develop drugs: through a process called structure - based design in which scientists build up a new drug, atom by atom, after determining the type of molecule that might interrupt the disease process.

Producing methamphetamine gives off toxic fumes, and Bridger's laser technology, which is still in development, detects these gases by measuring the amount of light absorbed by the gas molecules.

It is now well known that vast amounts of water and over 120 molecules, including complex organic molecules, are found in interstellar space, having been created by stars and nebulae (the Orion Nebula alone churns out huge amounts of water).

The probability of something as complicated as the DNA molecule being formed by random collisions of atoms in the primeval ocean is incredibly small.

The theory developed that perhaps lightning struck a pond of water causing several molecules to combine in a random way which by chance resulted in a living cell.

By abstraction, we can account for certain types of events, but we can no more predict the particular event than a chemist can predict the location of a single molecule in a gas - filled chamber.

Molecular biology, contrary to the article, does not support evolution by natural chance because evolution can not occur without inheritance, inheritance can not occur without DNA and DNA is so complex it could not have evolved by chance unless we are to assume that molecules just happened to arrange themselves into the DNA molecule at the same times as a nucleus formed to hold the DNA, at the same time as the cell membrane just happened to form around it, at the sametime as all the cell maintaining process in the cytoplasm just happened to come into existence to form a single cell and that all these aspects just happened to come together and work harmoniously.

Oh, the Calvinists could make perfect sense of it all with a wave of a hand and a swift, confident explanation about how Zarmina had been born in sin and likely predestined to spend eternity in hell to the glory of an angry God (they called her a «vessel of destruction»); about how I should just be thankful to be spared the same fate since it's what I deserve anyway; about how the Asian tsunami was just another one of God's temper tantrums sent to remind us all of His rage at our sin; about how I need not worry because «there is not one maverick molecule in the universe» so every hurricane, every earthquake, every war, every execution, every transaction in the slave trade, every rape of a child is part of God's sovereign plan, even God's idea; about how my objections to this paradigm represented unrepentant pride and a capitulation to humanism that placed too much inherent value on my fellow human beings; about how my intuitive sense of love and morality and right and wrong is so corrupted by my sin nature I can not trust it.

Thus, at the lowest level, electrons tend to unite and converge in the atom; atoms converge by molecularization, crystallization; molecules unite by polymerization; cells unite by conjugation, reproduction, association; nerve ganglions concentrate and localize to form a brain by what might be called a process of cephalization; the higher animal groups form colonies, hives, herds, societies, etc.; man socializes and forms civilizations as foci of attraction and organization.

I have tried to show that it is not altogether obvious that the sequence of base pairs in the DNA molecule is determined only by chemistry or that chemistry alone can illuminate this sequence.

For it is demonstrable that our bodies of flesh and blood will be dissolved, and that in whatever mode of existence we may be raised from death it will not be by either the resuscitation of this mortal body or its transformation — unless, indeed, we follow the speculations of some of the Fathers concerning the reassembling, by God, of the dispersed molecules of the flesh, which I am not inclined to do.

The atoms and molecules are in turn constituted by tiny «energy events,» invisible even under the most powerful microscope.

For example, Earley's crystalline structures, by powerful «ionic» forces overwhelm the constituent molecules which virtually lose their identity as their respective ions are held in deadlock.

«3 Whereas John Cobb recalled Whitehead's identification of molecules as «historic routes of actual occasions,» Donald Sherburne prefers the designation as «structured societies» — which leaves open the question of whether both a molecule and its constituent can be «enduring objects» (like a personal society).4 Enthused by Leclerc's reliance upon the Aristotelian distinction between actual and potential, Ford offered an option which might preserve the choice, in Whiteheadian terms.

His analysis of the idea of molecular structure from «first principles» shows that if one starts from a description of the molecule as an isolated, dynamical system consisting of the number of electrons and nuclei implied by the stoichiometric formula that interact via electromagnetic forces, one can not even calculate the most important parameters in chemistry, namely, those that describe the molecular structure.8

Again Hartshorne, having conceded that, relatively speaking, molecules are mindless, denies that they (or their constituents) are totally lacking in experience and continues: «the panpsychist... further will not admit that the lower degrees of awareness are due to the dilution of mind by its mixture with increasing doses of another something, matter» (BH 170).

Out of the Gordon Conference on nucleic acids in the summer of 1973 came an open letter to Science; the establishment (in October 1974) by the National Institutes of Health of the Recombinant DNA Molecule Program Advisory Committee; and in February 1975 the now - famous international conference at the Asilomar Conference Center in California, where a reluctant decision was made by scientists to declare a temporary moratorium on certain kinds of DNA research.

And in any such case, it then becomes the interactions which experience has shown will have an impact on the molecule which controls the shape it takes and not anything intrinsic to the molecule considered in itself, or explained simply by the quantum mechanics of its constituents.

Hence Whitehead is involved in contradiction on two - sides: volitions are both self - determined and physically - determined; molecules are and are not determined by general physical laws (PW 234 / 259f).

His second example of a subordinate society, introduced in the fourth sentence as a new example by the phrase «for example,» is a molecule.

Even a simple protein molecule is so rich in information that the entire history of the universe since the Big Bang wouldn't give you the time you would need to generate that molecule by chance.

There is no such «direct» evolution: animals, bacteria, and algae have a common ancestor from which they have diverged, as can be shown by aligning and comparing amino acid sequences of proteins and nucleotide sequences of homologous ribosomal RNA molecules that are found in both bacteria and vertebrates.

It must have been made with us in mind by a Super Water Molecule!»

The chemical environment of the molecule and the molecule itself are in constant, dynamic interaction, influenced by the magnitude of physical forces and configuration of chemicals within the cell.

«What we have described as globalization is remarkably close to Teilhard de Chardin's planetization, in which «[mankind, born on this planet and spread over its entire surface, come [s] gradually to form round its earthly matrix, a single, major, organic unity, enclosed upon itself.4 Thus the globalization of humankind could lead to the formation of a new kind of living entity — a social organism — on the same cosmic principle as that by which atoms join to form molecules, molecules join to form mega-molecules, mega-molecules unite to form living cells, and innumerable cells constitute an organism.

A corollary of this view, on the part of some scientists, is that the phenomenon of mentality in human beings can be explained by the complex interaction of molecules and atoms in the brain, as epiphenomenon of matter.

At the molecular level there are such actual occasions moment by moment in the molecules of the pen.

Polanyi, as we have seen, assumes that all molecules work according to natural laws, but concludes that, since no one has accounted for hierarchical organization by these laws, there must be principles of organization which will in due course be found not to be reducible to the laws of physics and chemistry.

Mutations are indeed not, so far as we know, selected by any overall purpose favoring evolution; but this is compatible with there being short - run and very naive purposes, desires, or feelings in the atoms and molecules constituting the genes, as well as in every cell and every metazoan with a nervous system.

In my view this arises from the striving of partly completed atoms and molecules to complete their forms by capturing electrons.

I suggested that the very excess of external compression to which we are subjected by the relative contraction of our planet may one day cause us to breach that mysterious wall of growing repulsion which, more often than not, sets the human molecules in opposition to one another, and enter the powerful, still unknown field of our basic affinities.

In the words of chemist - turned - philosopher Michael Polanyi, the sequence of nucleotides is «extraneous to» the physical and chemical properties within the molecule» which is to say, the sequence is not determined by inherent physical - chemical forces.

RS: According to the hypothesis of formative causation, outlined in my book A New Science of Life, systems such as molecules, crystals, cells, organs and organisms are organized by specific morphogenetic fields, which give them their characteristic form and organization.

For example, after asking whether a molecule in a human body is affected by the decisions of the dominant human occasion, he says that it would be more consonant with his philosophy to say that the direct effects would be negligible, but that the indirect effects would be important.

In all these cases, up to but excluding Man, the arrangement seems to have been brought about mainly by the working of chance and of probing; but phases a to c the majority of the groups (except in the case of very large molecules) represent knots of stability, whereas in phase d the arrangements that survive represent privileged centers of activityIn all these cases, up to but excluding Man, the arrangement seems to have been brought about mainly by the working of chance and of probing; but phases a to c the majority of the groups (except in the case of very large molecules) represent knots of stability, whereas in phase d the arrangements that survive represent privileged centers of activityin the case of very large molecules) represent knots of stability, whereas in phase d the arrangements that survive represent privileged centers of activityin phase d the arrangements that survive represent privileged centers of activity.)

THEN TAKE THE UNIVERSE AND GRIND IT DOWN TO THE FINEST POWDER AND SIEVE IT THROUGH THE FINEST SIEVE AND THEN SHOW ME ONE ATOM OF JUSTICE, ONE MOLECULE OF MERCY AND YET... YOU ACT AS IF THERE IS SOME IDEAL ORDER IN THE WORLD, AS IF THERE IS SOME... SOME RIGHTNESS IN THE UNIVERSE BY WHICH IT MAY BE JUDGED.

Waddington's paper in Towards a Theoretical Biology follows on from one by Brian Goodwin («A Statistical Mechanics of Temporal Organization in Cells») in which Goodwin looks at the question of how ordered systems like cells, and still more macro-organisms, supervene on the movements of their constituent molecules, and how one is to close the gap between molecular biology and cell physiology.

To use an example of Waddington (1961, p. 20), sodium chloride molecules exhibit properties which we can not observe by studying sodium and chlorine atoms in isolation.