Sentences with phrase «by this boundary layer»

«A common explanation would be that more active shallow clouds over the deforested area were caused by the boundary layer turbulence, which is more intensive due to stronger surface heating over grassy surfaces than over dense intact forest,» he said.

Another reason that the performance is closer than one might expect looking at the difference in tube wall conductivity is that the all configurations are limited by the thermal conductivity of the boundary layer of water just inside the tube wall — it does not matter how conductive you make the tube wall, you are still limited by this boundary layer conductivity.

Not exact matches

Westchester County Geographic Information Systems Mapper Westchester County's mapper lets users search by location within a specific theme (such as sewer district), or zoom in on an area of interest and display map layers such as watershed boundaries, locations of septic tanks and wastewater treatment plants, citizen science sampling locations, and fish and wildlife habitats.

In the boundary layer, air pollution standards are exceeded throughout the region, caused by West and East European pollution from the north.

By that definition, the team crossed the K - Pg boundary last week, at a depth of 620 meters, when drillers left fossil - containing limestone layers and entered sandy tsunami deposits.

By dating the various sediment layers, researchers realised that the mass extinction of the Permian - Triassic boundary is represented by a gap in sedimentation, which corresponds to a period when the sea - water level decreaseBy dating the various sediment layers, researchers realised that the mass extinction of the Permian - Triassic boundary is represented by a gap in sedimentation, which corresponds to a period when the sea - water level decreaseby a gap in sedimentation, which corresponds to a period when the sea - water level decreased.

The authors go on to point out that inferences about the ages of supposed Younger Dryas boundary layers are unsupported by replication in more cases than not.

In this study, they show that the magnetic properties of the boundary surfaces can be specifically adjusted by layering different metals very thinly on top of one another.

Earth's solid inner core is surrounded by a fluid outer core, with the boundary between the two expected to be the temperature of the melting point of highly pressurized iron — the primary ingredient of both layers.

This boundary can make or break a territorial claim over seabed resources but is often masked by thick sediment layers or other confounding features.

A companion result by the same research group demonstrated a method to make the edge of one metal layer match up with the edge of a second, different metal layer — a linear boundary or «hetero - junction» rather than the more typical planar boundary.

«Our measurements show directly for the first time that charge carriers are temporarily trapped by formation of an interface state between the dye and the semiconductor boundary layer.

By bouncing sound off rock layers under the sea floor and recording the reflections with many detectors, structural images of the crust can be made at the boundaries where plates collide and rift apart

The sound blasts reflected from the boundaries between rock layers a few miles beneath the ocean floor were picked up by an five - mile - long «streamer,» or hose containing many hydrophones, towed just beneath the surface behind the ship.

Instead, they noticed low, small clouds on the top of the boundary layer, which by end of day were organized into trails up to 200 km long, hanging off the island's west end.

These gas - laden fullerenes were formed outside the Solar System, and their concentration in the sedimentary layer at the boundary of the Permian and Triassic periods means they were delivered by comets or asteroids.

The most significant results were related to: i) the effect of vicinal surfaces on the film growth; ii) the films specifically grown for microwave applications: a clear correlation was demonstrated between the surface resistance, the losses and the concentration of high - angle grain boundaries; iii) the effect of film - substrate interdiffusion and its control by epitaxial buffer layer.

Subsequent examples of this technology — essentially a series of round discs driven by the working fluid's (steam or water) boundary layer — produced 5000 horsepower.

The focus has moved from the library as a confined place to one with fluid boundaries that is layered by diverse needs and influenced by an interactive global community.

The show pushes our conceptions of the boundaries of Indian abstraction by including works like 17th century Islamic tiles from the CSMVS permanent collection along with the selection of modern abstract works from the Foundation's collection.The layered interpretation of Indian abstraction as well as the inclusion older works, usually unmentioned in this modern context, make this a show a must see.

The coefficients of the differential equation for the eddy viscosity (the added viscosity) are determined by matching a few (usually 2) canonical cases, usually a flat plat boundary layer in a zero pressure gradient and a straight wake (a sheet of vorticity).

The overturning indicator for the lower boundary layer, characterised by turbulence, shows a different trend to that in the middle troposphere.

is dissipated by damping of gravity waves in the bulk of the air (from thunderstorm CAPE energy) and 1/2 of the remainder is dissipated in the boundary layer (the part dissipated near the surface is the accessible part by conventional means)... well, you get the idea.

The oceanic boundary layer is driven by the identical thermodynamic processes that drive the atmospheric boundary layer.

Thus, some heat gets converted to kinetic energy, but that gets converted back to heat, either by viscosity or by thermally - indirect circulations that produce APE while pulling heat downward in the process (LHSO: Ferrel cell (driven by extratropical storm track activity), Planetary - scale overturning in the stratosphere and mesosphere (includes Brewer - Dobson circulation (I'm not sure if the whole thing is the Brewer - Dobson circulation or if only part of it is)-RRB-, some motions in the ocean; LVO: wind driven mixing of the boundary layer and of the upper ocean (though mixing itself tends to destroy the APE that the kinetic energy would create by forcing heat downward)-RRB-.

Temperature tends to respond so that, depending on optical properties, LW emission will tend to reduce the vertical differential heating by cooling warmer parts more than cooler parts (for the surface and atmosphere); also (not significant within the atmosphere and ocean in general, but significant at the interface betwen the surface and the air, and also significant (in part due to the small heat fluxes involved, viscosity in the crust and somewhat in the mantle (where there are thick boundary layers with superadiabatic lapse rates) and thermal conductivity of the core) in parts of the Earth's interior) temperature changes will cause conduction / diffusion of heat that partly balances the differential heating.

Incidentally, I have been unable to find out if the models which are producing the GW scenarios include some allowance for the fact that the ocean / atmosphere interface (the boundary layer, so called, an irritating nomenclature as the words already have a technical meaning) was changed drastically from about 1850 onwards by surfactant and oil spill pollution as the petrochemical industry and petrol engine technologies began to hit their stride.

Here we would like to try to distinguish between warming in the nocturnal boundary layer due to a redistribution of heat and warming due to the accumulation of heat... It is likely that the observed warming in minimum temperature, whether caused by additional greenhouse forcing or land use changes or other land surface dynamics, is reflecting a redistribution of heat by turbulence - not an accumulation of heat.

During suppressed conditions when the boundary layer is capped by a significant inversion and / or the free troposphere above is dry, shallow and midlevel - top («congestus») convective clouds that heat and moisten the lower troposphere are most common.

Dynamical upward transport by convection removes excess heat from the surface more efficiently than longwave radiation is able to accomplish in the presence of a humid, optically thick boundary layer, and deposits it in the upper troposphere where it is more easily radiated to space, thereby affecting the planetary energy balance.

You quote me accurately re the ocean surface boundary layer from Zeebe, but then slip off the tracks by saying,

The characteristic time scale of diffusion can be estimated by τ = l ^ 2 / D, where l is the length scale (m) of the boundary layer and D ~ 10 ^ -9 m2 / s is the diffusion coefficient of the dissolved chemical species.

The layer is called the surface boundary layer of the ocean by one source, and the «surface ocean» by another.

Jeff, «You quote me accurately re the ocean surface boundary layer from Zeebe, but then slip off the tracks by saying,»

On small length scales (diffusive boundary layer ≤ 10 ^ -2 m) where the transport or the supply of chemical substances is not governed by advection or turbulent mixing (Lazier and Mann, 1989), chemical conversion and diffusion are the dominant mechanisms.»

For forecast models these errors can be overcome by continually inserting new vertical component of vorticity observational data every 6 hours, thus reducing the error that has spread upward from the erroneous boundary layer.

It has long been known that the waves affect the marine boundary layer of the atmosphere by modifying the surface roughness.

Since coming to PNNL, he has led or been significantly involved in studies of effects of surface heterogeneity on boundary layer structure, of mesoscale atmospheric flows induced or modulated by complex terrain, of the simulation of dust emission by wind erosion, and of the capabilities of a variety of atmospheric instruments — including a mass spectrometer and wind profiling radar — for measuring atmospheric turbulence.

Their analyses show that upward moisture transport by eddy fluxes dries the boundary layer and enhances evaporation and precipitation.

Nor does residence time have anything to do with oceanographers» imaginary bottleneck in the boundary layer, where CO2 waits thousands of years for deep ocean sequestration to make room in the surface layer, constrained by equilibrium carbonate equations.

DLR does not cause evaporation by itself, it's the energy of both incoming solar and DLR that causes the temperature boundary layer to be higher then if you consider only incoming solar energy.

The total load of thermal energy transferred from the surface to the air by conduction - convection at the boundary layer is ~ 68.7 W * s. Therefore, I don't find any «strong» absorptivity of carbon dioxide at 15 μm.

Viewed as fluxes across the boundary layers this noise would be a TOA funded, TOA driven, or TOA forced, and his «natural» would be fluxes funded by variation in the heat content of the oceans, terrestial subsurface, biota, and atmosphere.

For those unfamiliar with boundary layer meteorology, the reason for this is that minimum temperatures on calm nights should in fact show a larger warming trend than on windy nights (explained below), and not the identical trends reported by Parker.

On calm days, I expect both the UHI effect and the NSTI to be operating in full force: whatever heating is provided by the urbanization will be operating without being blown away; and whatever cooling is provided by the NSTI will also be protected by the stratification of the boundary layer.

However, on windy days, I expect the UHI effect to be vitiated by mixing of air from outside the region of the city with the relatively warmed air; and I expect the windiness to reduce the stratification of the boundary layer («mix it up») and thus reduce the cooling effect of the NSTI.

SOILSIM, has been adapted for use in crop models by inserting comments in the code, preparing a dictionary of variable and parameter names and units, stripping our code dealing with the deeper layers of the soil, and replacing the empirical boundary - condition equations with equations that link to the crop model.

In a system like the climate, where forcing is continuous, you of course get constant generation of vorticity by the earth's boundary layer and the Coriolis force.

It is a convective layer on global circulation time scales, just like the boundary layer is convective on daily time scales, so its lapse rate is defined by the processes by which air ascends and descends, namely convection.

Why, because that boundary layer of air created by those little tiny hairs, get disturbed, gets mixed and heat exchange happens.