Sentences with phrase «by urban heat islands»

2) Some stations must be biased warm by urban heat islands, but their influence on the global trend can't be detected with any of the techniques available for separating urban and non-urban stations.

The frequency of heat waves is expected to rise, made worse by urban heat islands; and rainfall is projected to become intense and erratic in some regions.

It should be noted that city and large town temperature readings may be influened by urban heat islands.

It seems clear to me that that mountain glaciers and permafrost are: 1 sensitive indicators of changes in temperature; 2 uncontaminated by urban heat islands; 3 have short response times (no problem with lagged response to Little Ice Age cooling); have wide geographical coverage (especially in remote areas).

Back in ’88 there was still quite a debate about whether the world was in fact warming or whether the temperature record had been contaminated by the urban heat island effect of cities springing up around former rural weather stations.

Surface global temperature data may have been hopelessly corrupted by the urban heat island effect and other problems which may explain some portion of the warming that would otherwise be attributed to GHGs / CO2.

Although he doesn't actually come out and say it, Evans suggests that the global warming trend in the surface temperature record is an artifact caused by the urban heat island (UHI) effect:

«satellite data shows that all of the land - based data is corrupted by the Urban Heat Island effect.»

Some of the temperature increases shown by Dr Jones in fact are caused by temperature recording stations that were once in rural locations on the outskirts of cities now being affected by the Urban Heat Island effect as urban development surrounded the weather stations.

There are vast areas of land with little or no temperature readings, and many of the thermometers they do have are contaminated by urban heat island effects.

A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.

The stations used are predominantly urban and affected by the urban heat island effect (UHIE), this means the temperatures from the two regions are higher in summer and winter.

There have been a number of studies suggesting that ground - based data is severely compromised by urban heat island effects, inappropriate placement of monitors that increase recorded temperatures over what they would have been if the instruments had been properly cited, and the drop - out of a large number of rural stations in the 1970s.

Not exact matches

Measures that tackle the urban heat island effect also make cities more energy efficient (by reducing the cooling needs inside buildings) and more comfortable (by shading city residents).

Stone has estimated how many heat - related deaths could be avoided by reducing urban heat island effects.

Using a global climate model, a team led by Princeton University researchers measured how severely heat waves interact with urban heat islands, now and in the future, in 50 American cities across three climate zones.

Gary Cohen, president and founder of the Massachusetts - based nonprofit Health Care Without Harm, said in a telephone interview that the risks of climate change to both the health of U.S. citizens and the U.S. health care delivery system is profound, particularly in urban areas, where warming average temperatures are exacerbated by the heat island effect and high concentrations of other air pollution like ozone and particulate matter.

Although he hasn't gone through the papers in detail, he is already questioning the results reported by the Berkeley team regarding the questionable research stations and the urban heat island effect.

A third focuses on the urban heat island effect and a fourth looks specifically at temperature stations that have been labeled as problematic by skeptics.

Reducing the so - called «urban heat island» effect by expanding urban forests and promoting white rooftops.

Large, densely populated urban areas are highly susceptible to exhausting heat waves exacerbated by the «heat island» effect in which once permeable, cooling surfaces like open land, bodies of water and vegetation have been replaced with surfaces that capture and retain heat like asphalt and concrete.

The more detailed understanding of urban heat islands provided by the study can help health professionals and others target efforts to protect people and infrastructure from heat - related problems, according to project co-leads Tracy Twine and Peter Snyder, associate professors in the College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences.

Innovative urban design could create increased access to active transport.99 The compact geographical area found in cities presents opportunities to reduce energy use and emissions of heat - trapping gases and other air pollutants through active transit, improved building construction, provision of services, and infrastructure creation, such as bike paths and sidewalks.303, 318 Urban planning strategies designed to reduce the urban heat island effect, such as green / cool roofs, increased green space, parkland and urban canopy, could reduce indoor temperatures, improve indoor air quality, and could produce additional societal co-benefits by promoting social interaction and prioritizing vulnerable urban populations.311urban design could create increased access to active transport.99 The compact geographical area found in cities presents opportunities to reduce energy use and emissions of heat - trapping gases and other air pollutants through active transit, improved building construction, provision of services, and infrastructure creation, such as bike paths and sidewalks.303, 318 Urban planning strategies designed to reduce the urban heat island effect, such as green / cool roofs, increased green space, parkland and urban canopy, could reduce indoor temperatures, improve indoor air quality, and could produce additional societal co-benefits by promoting social interaction and prioritizing vulnerable urban populations.311Urban planning strategies designed to reduce the urban heat island effect, such as green / cool roofs, increased green space, parkland and urban canopy, could reduce indoor temperatures, improve indoor air quality, and could produce additional societal co-benefits by promoting social interaction and prioritizing vulnerable urban populations.311urban heat island effect, such as green / cool roofs, increased green space, parkland and urban canopy, could reduce indoor temperatures, improve indoor air quality, and could produce additional societal co-benefits by promoting social interaction and prioritizing vulnerable urban populations.311urban canopy, could reduce indoor temperatures, improve indoor air quality, and could produce additional societal co-benefits by promoting social interaction and prioritizing vulnerable urban populations.311urban populations.311, 303

Alexandri and Jones say their results suggest the urban heat island effect could be countered by introducing green roofs and walls in cities.

The reasoning behind this is that the major cause of urban heat islands is the reduced cooling that occurs at night when the «view to space» of the surface is blocked by buildings.

They specifically wanted to answer the question is «the temperature rise on land improperly affected by the four key biases (station quality, homogenization, urban heat island, and station selection)?»

These so - called heat islands are simply urban areas surrounded by asphalt roads, concrete and less grass and tree shade.

Half the increase in urban land across the world over the next 20 years will occur in Asia, with the most extensive change expected to take place in India and China Urban areas modify their local and regional climate through the urban heat island effect and by altering precipitation patterns, which together will have significant impacts on net primary production, ecurban land across the world over the next 20 years will occur in Asia, with the most extensive change expected to take place in India and China Urban areas modify their local and regional climate through the urban heat island effect and by altering precipitation patterns, which together will have significant impacts on net primary production, ecUrban areas modify their local and regional climate through the urban heat island effect and by altering precipitation patterns, which together will have significant impacts on net primary production, ecurban heat island effect and by altering precipitation patterns, which together will have significant impacts on net primary production, ecos...

Human induced trend has two components, namely (a) greenhouse effect [this includes global and local / regional component] and (b) non-greenhouse effect [local / regional component]-- according to IPCC (a) is more than half of global average temperature anomaly wherein it also includes component of volcanic activities, etc that comes under greenhouse effect; and (b) contribution is less than half — ecological changes component but this is biased positive side by urban - heat - island effect component as the met network are concentrated in urban areas and rural - cold - island effect is biased negative side as the met stations are sparsely distributed though rural area is more than double to urban area.

At face value, the satellite data is supported by weather balloon data, covers a much larger area of the globe than the surface - based data, and, as you pointed out, is free from the urban heat island effect and other potential flaws of surface measurements.

However, the actual claim of IPCC is that the effects of urban heat islands effects are likely small in the gridded temperature products (such as produced by GISS and Climate Research Unit (CRU)-RRB- because of efforts to correct for those biases.

There are quite a few reasons to believe that the surface temperature record — which shows a warming of approximately 0.6 ° -0.8 °C over the last century (depending on precisely how the warming trend is defined)-- is essentially uncontaminated by the effects of urban growth and the Urban Heat Island (UHI) efurban growth and the Urban Heat Island (UHI) efUrban Heat Island (UHI) effect.

Away from the dense network of heat absorbing (daytime) then heat radiating (nighttime) structures which is the Urban Heat Island and above the air with high water vapor content trapped by the valley along the river, not to mention the pall of coal dust over the city, morning low temps were much more like what the natural countryside would experieheat absorbing (daytime) then heat radiating (nighttime) structures which is the Urban Heat Island and above the air with high water vapor content trapped by the valley along the river, not to mention the pall of coal dust over the city, morning low temps were much more like what the natural countryside would experieheat radiating (nighttime) structures which is the Urban Heat Island and above the air with high water vapor content trapped by the valley along the river, not to mention the pall of coal dust over the city, morning low temps were much more like what the natural countryside would experieHeat Island and above the air with high water vapor content trapped by the valley along the river, not to mention the pall of coal dust over the city, morning low temps were much more like what the natural countryside would experience.

The» top ten» arguments employed by the relatively few deniers with credentials in any aspect of climate - change science (which arguments include «the sun is doing it», «Earth's climate was changing before there were people here», «climate is changing on Mars but there are no SUVs there», «the Earth hasn't been warming since 1998», «thermometer records showing heating are contaminated by the urban - heat - island effect», «satellite measurements show cooling rather than warming») have all been shown in the serious scientific literature to be wrong or irrelevant, but explaining their defects requires at least a paragraph or two for each one.

Other important issues — Dan might be able to say more about urban heat islands, and how they might grow in the future, and be exacerbated by possible large temperature increases.

The vegetation planted on green roofs has proved to have an effective impact on urban heat islands by regulating fluctuating ambient temperatures and improving micro-climates.

Generally, the remaining uncorrected effect from urban heat islands is now believed to be less than 0.1 C, and in some parts of the world it may be more than fully compensated for by other changes in measurement methods.4 Nevertheless, this remains an important source of uncertainty.The warming trend observed over the past century is too large to be easily dismissed as a consequence of measurement errors.

By taking the estimate of 0.1 degrees C per decade and multiplying by 5 to get 0.5 degrees C, or 44 %, Geoffry Smith gets a rather larger figure for his urban heat island effect estimate than he would from the more direct subtraction of 0.81 from 1.13 (0.32 degrees C, or 38 %By taking the estimate of 0.1 degrees C per decade and multiplying by 5 to get 0.5 degrees C, or 44 %, Geoffry Smith gets a rather larger figure for his urban heat island effect estimate than he would from the more direct subtraction of 0.81 from 1.13 (0.32 degrees C, or 38 %by 5 to get 0.5 degrees C, or 44 %, Geoffry Smith gets a rather larger figure for his urban heat island effect estimate than he would from the more direct subtraction of 0.81 from 1.13 (0.32 degrees C, or 38 %).

The other effect that may exist here (but I am less certain of the science, commenters can help me out) is that by saying «your hometown» we put the bet into the domain of urban heat islands and temperature station siting issues.

Even the most pronounced warming, evident from the cities of Hobart and Melbourne, is within what could be considered natural — though the trends shown here are likely to be artificially exaggerated by the method of measuring temperature since 1996 ** (electronic probes) and the urban heat island (UHI) effect.

Urban heat islands tend to exacerbate elevated temperatures and are largely determined by urban land use and human - caused heat emissUrban heat islands tend to exacerbate elevated temperatures and are largely determined by urban land use and human - caused heat emissurban land use and human - caused heat emissions.

All the urban heat island stuff and atmospheric measurements have essentially gone by the wayside.

Innovative urban design could create increased access to active transport.99 The compact geographical area found in cities presents opportunities to reduce energy use and emissions of heat - trapping gases and other air pollutants through active transit, improved building construction, provision of services, and infrastructure creation, such as bike paths and sidewalks.303, 318 Urban planning strategies designed to reduce the urban heat island effect, such as green / cool roofs, increased green space, parkland and urban canopy, could reduce indoor temperatures, improve indoor air quality, and could produce additional societal co-benefits by promoting social interaction and prioritizing vulnerable urban populations.311urban design could create increased access to active transport.99 The compact geographical area found in cities presents opportunities to reduce energy use and emissions of heat - trapping gases and other air pollutants through active transit, improved building construction, provision of services, and infrastructure creation, such as bike paths and sidewalks.303, 318 Urban planning strategies designed to reduce the urban heat island effect, such as green / cool roofs, increased green space, parkland and urban canopy, could reduce indoor temperatures, improve indoor air quality, and could produce additional societal co-benefits by promoting social interaction and prioritizing vulnerable urban populations.311Urban planning strategies designed to reduce the urban heat island effect, such as green / cool roofs, increased green space, parkland and urban canopy, could reduce indoor temperatures, improve indoor air quality, and could produce additional societal co-benefits by promoting social interaction and prioritizing vulnerable urban populations.311urban heat island effect, such as green / cool roofs, increased green space, parkland and urban canopy, could reduce indoor temperatures, improve indoor air quality, and could produce additional societal co-benefits by promoting social interaction and prioritizing vulnerable urban populations.311urban canopy, could reduce indoor temperatures, improve indoor air quality, and could produce additional societal co-benefits by promoting social interaction and prioritizing vulnerable urban populations.311urban populations.311, 303

However, as the urban sprawl expands, eventually the weather station begins to be affected by the expanding urban heat island (1950 - 1980).

[S] cientists know that the density of buildings, the absorption of light by those buildings, and the relative lack of vegetation in cities are major contributors to the urban heat island effect.

Unlike Al Gore Kristen Byrnes personally checked out the locations of many of the official thermometers that are improperly sited and corrupted by UHI (Urban Heat Island) effects.

Thus even by the original UN (self serving) definition, «real» could be interpreted as anyone who acknowledges there is an observable increase in CO2, or any statistically distinguishable anthropogenic influence on climate, including converting forests to farms, and creating the «Urban Heat Island».

It is why most weather stations are at airports where they became compromised by heat from runways, jet engines, and in many cases the expanding urban heat island (UHI).

«We evaluate to what extent the temperature rise in the past 100 years was a trend or a natural fluctuation and analyze 2249 worldwide monthly temperature records from GISS (NASA) with the 100 - year period covering 1906 - 2005 and the two 50 - year periods from 1906 to 1955 and 1956 to 2005... The data document a strong urban heat island eff ect (UHI) and a warming with increasing station elevation... About a quarter of all the records for the 100 - year period show a fall in temperatures... that the observed temperature records are a combination of long - term correlated records with an additional trend, which is caused for instance by anthropogenic CO2, the UHI or other forcings... As a result, the probabilities that the observed temperature series are natural have values roughly between 40 % and 90 %, depending on the stations characteristics and the periods considered.»

It is the data that is most greatly affected by the most contentious issues: data selection bias, urban heat island, and station integrity issues.