Sentences with phrase «by volcanic»

Thornton was captivated by the volcanic rock foreshore site capping Possession Point from the first day he clamoured on to the rocky slope from a boat, the only access means at that time.

Many of our neighboring Caribbean islands have volcanoes and were formed by volcanic activity; however, there are no volcanoes on St. Croix.

Hawaii, the chain of islands formed by volcanic eruptions thousands of years ago, was the last state to enter the Union in 1959.

warming was caused by volcanic changes to the stratosphere.

Great mass extinction of species during geological history (late Devonian, Permian - Triassic, end - Triassic, Cretaceous - Tertiary, Paleocene - Eocene) have been triggered by volcanic, asteroid impact and greenhouse events associated with sharp increases in atmospheric levels of CO2 and CH4.

It is difficult to digitise the Figure 8.18 values for years affected by volcanic eruptions, so I have also adjusted the widely - used RCP4.5 forcings dataset to reflect the Section 7.5.3 observational estimate of current aerosol forcing, using Figure 8.18 and Table 8.7 data to update the projected RCP4.5 forcings for 2007 — 2011 where appropriate.

The deep, old ice in this area has been destroyed by volcanic heat, so there is none left from the Eemian period.

Essentially, a mountain is formed underwater by volcanic activity.

The well - documented surface temperature rise since 1850 can be viewed as but the most recent 60 percent of a warming of about 0.8 °C since the 17th century (Fig. 3d), interrupted periodically by volcanic effects.

A synthesis of surface - temperature reconstructions shows ocean surface cooling from ad 1 to 1800, with much of the trend from 800 to 1800 driven by volcanic eruptions.

-- Volcanoes and vents emit less than 1 % of human emissions (even the Pinatubo eruption caused a dip in the CO2 increase, as the cooling by the volcanic dust increased the absorption of the oceans beyond the extra emissions.

The role played by volcanic - induced cooling in the recent warming hiatus is not accurately described in the latest phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project.

Of course temperatures in the troposphere is influenced by volcanic aerosols in the troposphere and stratosphere.

atmospheric sulfates either by pollution or by volcanic sources.

Mount Erebus is an active volcano on Ross Island containing extensive subglacial cave systems formed by volcanic steam.

Some scientists have also attributed warmer air temperatures in the North Atlantic region to the delivery of warmer seawater (heated by solar radiation unimpeded by volcanic aerosols) by the Gulf Stream and other currents.

Moreover, the net TOA energy flux is profoundly influenced by volcanic eruptions (not new) and almost simultaneously, but with some blurring, so too is OHC.

You will see that the ENSO index is responsible for most of the fluctuations with the remainder caused by volcanic disturbances:

The other tidbit was an observation: global temperatures responded in a homeostatic way to perturbations by the volcanic eruption of Mt Pinatubo and the El Nino of 1998.

Contrary to what you have been told ENSO oscillations are not influenced by any volcanic cooling.

The Moon hasn't had volcanic activity [other than minor out gassing - which is not what I mean by volcanic activity] for over a billion years.

Previous pauses in temperature rise in 1982 and 1991 were attributed to the ash and sulfur aerosols spewed into the atmosphere by the volcanic eruptions of El Chichón in Mexico and Pinatubo in the Philippines, respectively.

The complexity of radiative - dynamical response forced by volcanic impacts suggests that it is important to calculate aerosol radiative effects interactively within the model rather than prescribe them (Andronova et al., 1999; Broccoli et al., 2003).

ABSTRACT From 1950 to 1987 a strong relationship existed between the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and HadCRUT4 global average temperature anomaly, interrupted occasionally by volcanic eruptions.

Unfortunately, regression analyses do NOT pick up the step changes in the East Indian and West Pacific Oceans caused by significant El Ninos that aren't suppressed by volcanic eruptions.

This also explains why, as you point out, CO2 levels have in the past been high during an ice age (although never at 5000ppm — the late - Ordovician would have been a contender but this recent paper — ttp: / / geology.gsapubs.org/content/37/10/951.abstract — demonstrates that CO2 consumption increased during the mid-Ordovician as a result of continental weathering, however levels were held up by volcanic outgassing.

Through an artist's eye, scientists are tracking the climate swings caused by volcanic eruptions.

They have risen in response to all El Niño events (over the term of the Reynolds OI.v2 dataset) that weren't counteracted by volcanic eruptions.

In addition, the waters around these volcanoes are warmed by the volcanic activity, creating an exciting species rich area amidst the cold Southern Ocean, potentially containing species new to science.

This is the main reason I consider Climate Change a scam, because you can not use this data tainted by volcanic activity and dismiss volcanic activity altogether, you can't have it both ways.

However, Raymo noted that the natural changes caused by volcanic eruptions, other geologic activities and variations in Earth's orbit take eons to unfold.

While one might think that the side of a volcano might not be the best place to measure CO2, in fact the procedures used at Mauna Loa compensate for any contamination by volcanic gases.

The rest are adequately explained by volcanic eroptions and a slight amount by TSI sun - spot cycles.

Anyway that said, I came across this study when I was looking at volcanic activity around the Antarctic Peninsula, billed as a «pristine» site for measuring carbon dioxide, it is surrounded by volcanic production of carbon dioxide which can't be for all practical purposes told apart from «man made fossil fuel production».

The short - term cooling imparted by volcanic aerosols is clearly non-anthropogenic, but these forcings are reasonably well known from relevant observational data.

The Little Ice Age was driven by volcanic activity.

Or said differently the amount dust per cubic of meter in space could insignificant less than the amount in Earth's atmosphere caused by a volcanic eruption.

Scientists at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the Bonneville Power Administration think underground porous rocks produced by volcanic eruptions could be used as a large battery system.

You picked a time period (1980 - 1987) where the beginning was influenced by the volcanic eruption of El Chichon in 1981.

Skies polluted by volcanic ash scatter sunlight more, making sunsets show more red; similar results are seen with dust or man - made aerosols.

On the basis of the above two charts it seems that the global background trend in stratosphere and troposphere is not significantly affected by volcanic events or individual El Nino events.

I chose the 1997/98 El Niño because that event wasn't opposed by a volcanic eruption and it was large enough to overwhelm the background noise.

Some longer - term effects may remain after several consecutive eruptions, but even then, the 0.1 K cooling by volcanic eruptions over the past 600 years (0.3 K modeled over the past 100 years, see fig. 1 on this page) seems rather high...

The IPCC has attributed the pause to natural climate fluctuations caused by volcanic eruptions, changes in solar intensity, and the movement of heat through the ocean.

I can't tell from Table 1 what share of GHGs are contributed by volcanic greenhouse gases; is this an unknown part of the 2.75 W / m2 figure?

I say usually, since there are cases such as the trees flattened by the Tunguska impact, or buried by volcanic ash, that quite obviously recorded direct effects these event.

you'll see the multi-model mean based on models driven by volcanic forcing is rejected at the 90 % confidence level for every year between 1960 and 1998.

And relative to 2008 - 18, the extra 0.1 ppm / yr in the previous decades would be more than cloaked by volcanic influences of the 1980s & 90s.

Michael Connolly is a Hawai`i - based artist whose work is inspired by volcanic activity, hot rod flames, and graphic novels.

This time around the virus will be spread by volcanic activity throughout the countryside.