The signal is so incredibly regular that the latest
caesium clock recently brought online in the US will not lose or gain a second in about 300 million years.
Timekeeping institutes around the world each have their own
caesium clocks.
Caesium clocks are so accurate because their sources of error have been identified and most of them eliminated.
Not exact matches
The NPL's atomic
clocks measure how often a
caesium atom's electrons jump between two energy levels — a little more than 9 billion jumps equal one second.
The second is currently defined by
caesium atomic
clocks, but optical
clocks promise higher precision because their atoms oscillate at the frequencies of light rather than in the microwave band, so they can slice time into smaller intervals.
A new generation of atomic tickers, known as optical
clocks, have just wrested the record for accuracy from the ensembles of oscillating
caesium atoms that held it for half a century.
And because hydrogen molecules consist of just a handful of particles, compared with the larger
caesium atoms used in atomic
clocks, it would be easier to do theoretical calculations and compare them with real experiments, the team says.
The two
clocks, one based on
caesium atoms and the other on hydrogen, will communicate with a network of
clocks back on Earth to compare performance across continents at a level that is equivalent to 10 trillionths of a second.
The standard
clock uses
caesium atoms, which emit microwaves precisely 9,192,631,770 times per second.
Most atomic
clocks use atoms of the isotope
caesium - 133.
• In a
caesium atomic
clock, 9 billion cycles per second (9 gigahertz) is the frequency of radiation emitted when...
But these
clocks are constrained in how precisely they can divide time because when
caesium electrons jump from a certain state to another they emit radiation with a frequency of only 9 giga - hertz, or 9 billion cycles per second.
But there is a catch: the ytterbium
clock is still not as accurate as the
caesium one.