Continuous measurement and imaging of the intracellular free
calcium ion concentration -LRB-[Ca2 +] i) of mitotic and interphase PtK1 cells was accomplished with the new fluorescent Ca2 + indicator fura - 2.
Further experiments revealed that injured cells initiate a wave of elevated
calcium ion concentration that travels through the brain, and that the microglia only begin migrating when the wave reaches them.
When elevating
calcium ion concentration directly at the presynaptic terminal with the use of caged calcium, cleavage of SNAP - 25 by botulinum toxin A (BoNT / A) produced a strong reduction in the calcium sensitivity for release, whereas cleavage of syntaxin using BoNT / C1 and synaptobrevin using tetanus toxin (TeNT) produced an all - or - nothing block without changing the kinetics of remaining vesicles.
This allowed them to track changes in
calcium ion concentrations in the cells around wounds in living tissue (as opposed to the cell cultures used in many previous wound response studies) and to do so with an unprecedented, millisecond precision.
Not exact matches
They measured the
concentration of
calcium ions in the nerve cells to visualize their activity when a moth was stimulated with an odor.
Once a critical point is reached, nucleation occurs and the amount of free
calcium ions drops to a value that corresponds to the particular solubility
concentration of the precipitated phase according to a typical LaMer diagram (25).
To maintain the solubility constant, which, however, slightly differs for the phases precipitated in different pH ranges, the solubility
concentration of
calcium ions is specifically lower at higher
concentrations of carbonate (higher pH).
We also know how the enzyme changes shape when exposed to different environmental impacts, such as the
concentration of
calcium ions changes,» explains Thomas J.D. Jørgensen.
Excess carbon dioxide enters the ocean, reacts with water, decreases ocean pH and lowers carbonate
ion concentrations, making waters more corrosive to marine species that need carbonate
ions and dissolved
calcium to build and maintain healthy shells and skeletons.
Calcium ions rapidly stream into the presynaptic terminal and the calcium concentration in the presynaptic terminal
Calcium ions rapidly stream into the presynaptic terminal and the
calcium concentration in the presynaptic terminal
calcium concentration in the presynaptic terminal rises.
However, Bressloff explains, a
calcium -
ion concentration shift happens too quickly to create a memory — because of the fast equilibration, it will be resolved within a minute.
The emitted light energy correlates with the respective
concentrations of
calcium ions.
Having the right
concentrations of sodium and
calcium ions in cells enables healthy brain communication, heart contraction and many other processes.
This enabled them to «smuggle»
calcium ions into cells and see what happened to sodium channels when the
calcium concentration changed abruptly.
The nerve cell's activity was measured via
concentration of
calcium ion in the cell, and the team analyzed the changes in
calcium concentration using a mathematical model.
Either the increased
concentration of free
calcium ions or their increased mobility (likely both, the researchers speculate) results in a decrease in the electrical resistance throughout the material, which can be detected with a multimeter connected to electrodes embedded in the film.
Following the concept that seawater Ωarag is a function of CO 3 2 − and
calcium ion -LRB-[Ca2 +]-RRB-
concentrations (Cyronak, Schulz & Jokiel, 2016), Longdon et al. (2000) and Marshall & Clode (2002) showed that exposing scleractinian corals to seawater with high
calcium concentrations induces high calcification rates.
Changes in the carbonate
ion concentration in seawater can affect the saturation state (and hence biological availability) of several types of
calcium carbonate (e.g., calcite, aragonite, or high - magnesian calcite.
Hard water is the opposite of soft water, which by its definition is surface water with lower
concentrations of
ions, such as
calcium and magnesium.
ACT - activated clotting time (bleeding disorders) ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone (adrenal gland function) Ag - antigen test for proteins specific to a disease causing organism or virus Alb - albumin (liver, kidney and intestinal disorders) Alk - Phos, ALP alkaline phosphatase (liver and adrenal disorders) Allergy Testing intradermal or blood antibody test for allergen hypersensitivity ALT - alanine aminotransferase (liver disorder) Amyl - amylase enzyme — non specific (pancreatitis) ANA - antinuclear antibody (systemic lupus erythematosus) Anaplasmosis Anaplasma spp. (tick - borne rickettsial disease) APTT - activated partial thromboplastin time (blood clotting ability) AST - aspartate aminotransferase (muscle and liver disorders) Band band cell — type of white blood cell Baso basophil — type of white blood cell Bile Acids digestive acids produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder (liver function) Bili bilirubin (bile pigment responsible for jaundice from liver disease or RBC destruction) BP - blood pressure measurement BUN - blood urea nitrogen (kidney and liver function) Bx biopsy C & S aerobic / anaerobic bacterial culture and antibiotic sensitivity test (infection, drug selection) Ca +2
calcium ion — unbound
calcium (parathyroid gland function) CBC - complete blood count (all circulating cells) Chol cholesterol (liver, thyroid disorders) CK, CPK creatine [phospho] kinase (muscle disease, heart disease) Cl - chloride
ion — unbound chloride (hydration, blood pH) CO2 - carbon dioxide (blood pH) Contrast Radiograph x-ray image using injected radiopaque contrast media Cortisol hormone produced by the adrenal glands (adrenal gland function) Coomb's anti- red blood cell antibody test (immune - mediated hemolytic anemia) Crea creatinine (kidney function) CRT - capillary refill time (blood pressure, tissue perfusion) DTM - dermatophyte test medium (ringworm — dermatophytosis) EEG - electroencephalogram (brain function, epilepsy) Ehrlichia Ehrlichia spp. (tick - borne rickettsial disease) EKG, ECG - electrok [c] ardiogram (electrical heart activity, heart arryhthmia) Eos eosinophil — type of white blood cell Fecal, flotation, direct intestinal parasite exam FeLV Feline Leukemia Virus test FIA Feline Infectious Anemia: aka Feline Hemotrophic Mycoplasma, Haemobartonella felis test FIV Feline Immunodeficiency Virus test Fluorescein Stain fluorescein stain uptake of cornea (corneal ulceration) fT4, fT4ed, freeT4ed thyroxine hormone unbound by protein measured by equilibrium dialysis (thyroid function) GGT gamma - glutamyltranferase (liver disorders) Glob globulin (liver, immune system) Glu blood or urine glucose (diabetes mellitus) Gran granulocytes — subgroup of white blood cells Hb, Hgb hemoglobin — iron rich protein bound to red blood cells that carries oxygen (anemia, red cell mass) HCO3 - bicarbonate
ion (blood pH) HCT, PCV, MHCT hematocrit, packed - cell volume, microhematocrit (hemoconcentration, dehydration, anemia) K + potassium
ion — unbound potassium (kidney disorders, adrenal gland disorders) Lipa lipase enzyme — non specific (pancreatitis) LYME Borrelia spp. (tick - borne rickettsial disease) Lymph lymphocyte — type of white blood cell MCHC mean corpuscular hemoglobin
concentration (anemia, iron deficiency) MCV mean corpuscular volume — average red cell size (anemia, iron deficiency) Mg +2 magnesium
ion — unbound magnesium (diabetes, parathyroid function, malnutrition) MHCT, HCT, PCV microhematocrit, hematocrit, packed - cell volume (hemoconcentration, dehydration, anemia) MIC minimum inhibitory
concentration — part of the C&S that determines antimicrobial selection Mono monocyte — type of white blood cell MRI magnetic resonance imaging (advanced tissue imaging) Na + sodium
ion — unbound sodium (dehydration, adrenal gland disease) nRBC nucleated red blood cell — immature red blood cell (bone marrow damage, lead toxicity) PCV, HCT, MHCT packed - cell volume, hematocrit, microhematocrit (hemoconcentration, dehydration, anemia) PE physical examination pH urine pH (urinary tract infection, urolithiasis) Phos phosphorus (kidney disorders, ketoacidosis, parathyroid function) PLI pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (pancreatitis) PLT platelet — cells involved in clotting (bleeding disorders) PT prothrombin time (bleeding disorders) PTH parathyroid hormone, parathormone (parathyroid function) Radiograph x-ray image RBC red blood cell count (anemia) REL Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever / Ehrlichia / Lyme combination test Retic reticulocyte — immature red blood cell (regenerative vs. non-regenerative anemia) RMSF Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever SAP serum alkaline phosphatase (liver disorders) Schirmer Tear Test tear production test (keratoconjunctivitis sicca — dry eye,) Seg segmented neutrophil — type of white blood cell USG Urine specific gravity (urine
concentration, kidney function) spec cPL specific canine pancreatic lipase (pancreatitis)-- replaces the PLI test spec fPL specific feline pancreatic lipase (pancreatitis)-- replaces the PLI test T4 thyroxine hormone — total (thyroid gland function) TLI trypsin - like immunoreactivity (exocrine pancreatic insufficiency) TP total protein (hydration, liver disorders) TPR temperature / pulse / respirations (physical exam vital signs) Trig triglycerides (fat metabolism, liver disorders) TSH thyroid stimulating hormone (thyroid gland function) UA urinalysis (kidney function, urinary tract infection, diabetes) Urine Cortisol - Crea Ratio urine cortisol - creatine ratio (screening test for adrenal gland disease) Urine Protein - Crea Ratio urine protein - creatinine ratio (kidney disorders) VWF VonWillebrands factor (bleeding disorder) WBC white blood cell count (infection, inflammation, bone marrow suppression)
Natural seasonal variations in carbonate
ion concentrations could either hasten or dampen the future onset of this undersaturation of
calcium carbonate.
Many organisms require supersaturated conditions to form sufficient
calcium carbonate shells or skeletons, and biological calcification rates tend to decrease in response to lower carbonate
ion concentrations, even when the ambient seawater is still supersaturated.
«Southern Ocean acidification via anthropogenic CO2 uptake is expected to be detrimental to multiple calcifying plankton species by lowering the
concentration of carbonate
ion (CO32 − to levels where
calcium carbonate (both aragonite and calcite) shells begin to dissolve.
This second reaction is important because reduced seawater carbonate
ion concentrations decrease the saturation levels of
calcium carbonate (CaCO3), a hard mineral used by many marine microbes, plants and animals to form shells and skeletons.
This acidification occurs in a region with a naturally low carbonate
ion concentration, and studies suggest that the surface of the Southern Ocean will become undersaturated with respect to
calcium carbonate minerals aragonite and calcite by the end of the century.
If carbonate
ion concentrations are lower,
calcium carbonate minerals are more likely to dissolve.
For example, when atmospheric
concentrations of carbon dioxide increased in geologic times to a certain unknown threshold, it went into the ocean and combined with positively charged
calcium ions to form
calcium carbonate — limestone.
Increasing atmospheric CO2
concentrations lower oceanic pH and carbonate
ion concentrations, thereby decreasing the saturation state with respect to
calcium carbonate (Feely et al., 2004).
The diurnal temperature changes led to changes in CO2 and therefore pH. Temperature increase and lower atmospheric pressure will lead to lower CO2
concentrations and hence pH. Acid rainfall on
Calcium feldspars will lead to Ca2 +
ions entering the oceans.