Sentences with phrase «calculations by physicist»

According to calculations by physicist Geoffrey West of the Santa Fe Institute, when a city doubles in size, the rate of innovation (as measured by new patents) increases by 15 percent.

... the calculations by physicists that for every square metre of the Earth's surface, 1.6 watts more energy enters the atmosphere than leaves it.

Not exact matches

Calculations run with this model show that these spaces are described by well - known quantum Fermi - Dirac, and Bose - Einstein statistics, used in quantum mechanics, indicating that they could be useful to physicists working on quantum gravity.

At present pace, the trillionth tonne would be emitted just before Christmas in 2040, according to calculations by Oxford physicist Myles Allen, and there's more than enough coal, oil and natural gas left in the ground to cook the climate.

The calculations by Horowitz and Kadau could change that, says physicist Benjamin Owen of Pennsylvania State University, University Park.

The nature of dark matter — which physicists describe as the invisible component or so - called «missing mass» in the universe that would explain the faster - than - expected spins of galaxies, and their motion in clusters observed across the universe — has eluded scientists since its existence was deduced through calculations by Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky in 1933.

She was able to fine - tune the color produced by each pixel by using theoretical calculations by Rice physicists Alejandro Manjavacas, a postdoctoral researcher, and Peter Nordlander, professor of physics and astronomy.

1950s: Research on military applications of radar and infrared radiation promotes advances in radiative transfer theory and measurements = > Radiation math — Studies conducted largely for military applications give accurate values of infrared absorption by gases = > CO2 greenhouse — Nuclear physicists and chemists develop Carbon - 14 analysis, useful for dating ancient climate changes = > Carbon dates, for detecting carbon from fossil fuels in the atmosphere, and for measuring the rate of ocean turnover = > CO2 greenhouse — Development of digital computers affects many fields including the calculation of radiation transfer in the atmosphere = > Radiation math, and makes it possible to model weather processes = > Models (GCMs)-- Geological studies of polar wandering help provoke Ewing - Donn model of ice ages = > Simple models — Improvements in infrared instrumentation (mainly for industrial processes) allow very precise measurements of atmospheric CO2 = > CO2 greenhouse.