A team of developmental biologists led by Hans Schöler and Karen Hübner at the University of Pennsylvania placed densely packed clusters of stem cells from mouse embryos in a petri dish, using fetal
calf serum as a growth medium and adding a gene protein that turns green when germ cells form.
Studies at Purdue University showed that canine vaccines grown in
calf serum caused antibodies to be made to many
calf proteins including red blood cells; thyroid; DNA; connective tissue proteins such
as collagen, fibronectin, laminin, albumin, transferrin; and others.