To get around that problem, some researchers have tried nuclear transfer using a human cell and egg cells from rabbits or cows to produce so -
called cytoplasmic hybrids, or cybrids.
For instance, by ensuring that infected males can't reproduce with uninfected females — a phenomenon
called cytoplasmic incompatibility — the bacteria can maximize the number of infected offspring in the next generation and sweep through populations in very little time.
For example, embryologist Jacques Cohen, scientific director at the Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Science of Saint Barnabas in Livingston, New Jersey, has developed a procedure
called cytoplasmic transfer that shows promise for assisting women approaching their early forties who either can't get pregnant through in vitro fertilization or have embryos of such poor quality they don't survive.
Knowledge of this structure,
called the cytoplasmic tail of gp41 protein, will help researchers further understand how the virus infects human cells and how progeny viruses are assembled and released from infected cells.
Not exact matches
Wnt proteins, regulators of development in many organisms, bind to seven transmembrane — spanning (7TMS) receptors
called frizzleds, thereby recruiting the
cytoplasmic molecule dishevelled (Dvl) to the plasma membrane.Frizzled - mediated endocytosis of Wg (a Drosophila Wnt protein) and lysosomal degradation may regulate the formation of morphogen gradients.
Death for many mRNAs occurs in
cytoplasmic foci
called P - bodies, which can also act as temporary storage depots for nontranslating mRNAs (see the Science Express Report by M. Brengues et al.).
The CPEB family of proteins is responsible for the translational control of maternal mRNAs by a process
called «
cytoplasmic polyadenylation».
They kill cells by releasing small
cytoplasmic granules of proteins
called perforin and granzyme that cause the target cell to die by apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Skin and hair melanins are formed in
cytoplasmic organelles
called melanosomes, produced by the melanocytes, and are the product of a complex biochemical pathway (melanogenesis) with tyrosinase being the rate - limiting enzyme.31