Fourth, dismally low public spending on health has crippled the public sector and created large barriers in quality and access — the total expenditure on health in India fell from 4 · 5 % of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2004 - 05 to 4 · 0 % of GDP in 2013 - 14, and most of this expenditure was out - of - pocket leading to
catastrophic health care expenditure for millions.