In doing so the majority provided the following reasons on the «but for» test of
causation in negligence claims:
Not exact matches
The court explained that
in premises liability
claims concerning a breach of the general
negligence standard, «mere speculation» as to
causation is not enough to show
causation and prevent summary judgment.
In a
negligence claim, the plaintiff must establish the elements of duty, breach,
causation, and damages.
Our firm assists our clients
in assessing whether there is enough evidence of
causation (proof that someone else's
negligence caused an injury or damages) to justify a
claim or lawsuit.
In her
negligence claim, then, she had to prove duty, breach,
causation, and damages.
And,
in the successive incident situation, it's stretching a point to
claim that the
negligence of a later wrongdoer destroyed the plaintiff's ability to prove
causation in respect of an earlier wrongdoing, unless one means that because the the injuries are «indivisible» it's impossible for the court to make a valid conclusion as to who caused what.
Consequently, future claimants would be expected «to be able to understand and apply the law of
negligence, liability,
causation and quantum, instruct and pay for a medical expert, quantify their
claim, pay a court fee, obtain witness evidence from independent witnesses, negotiate with insurers and ultimately appear
in court as their own advocate against a legally experienced opponent».
To establish factual
causation in a cause of action
in negligence, the plaintiff will have to use, and satisfy, the but - for test, except
in claims arising out of the negligent screening of blood donors.
Attorneys for both plaintiffs and defendants will find comprehensive coverage of such matters as: the advantages and disadvantages of suits based on strict liability,
negligence and breach of warranty; the use of state consumer protection statutes; the duty to warn and its innumerable ramifications; the liability of the manufacturers, retailers and other potential defendants
in the distribution chain; successor liability; federal preemption of common law
claims; monitoring product safety during design, manufacturing and distribution;
causation theories
in actions involving multiple manufacturers; product misuse and alteration; the elements of proof needed
in an action; recovery for economic loss; punitive damages; and the government contractor defense.