Sentences with phrase «cell axons»

Metabolic Vulnerability Disposes Retinal Ganglion Cell Axons to Dysfunction in a Model of Glaucomatous Degeneration Baltan, S., Inman DM., Danilov, CA., Morrison, RS., Horner, PJ.

Finally, the CFC has discovered a unique population of glia in proximity to retinal ganglion cell axons as they exit the retina.

If this is correct, it would suggest that retinal ganglion cell axons synthesize endocannabinoids to stimulate their own growth.

The principle behind this type of imaging is that retinal ganglion cell axons exhibit an optical property known as birefringence.

So, we're now in a position to ask whether those retinal ganglion cell axons and those mitochondria — putative mitochondria — are fragmenting in response to interaction or pressure elevation?

If you look on the video to your right those are mitochondria that are moving down retinal ganglion cell axons.

Those are what we think are mitochondria again slivering in and out of the retinal ganglion cell axons.

We discovered in the laboratory, our lab and others, that mitochondria — these are the little energy powerhouses inside the cells, inside all cells including retinal ganglion cells — they fragment and stop moving in retinal ganglion cell axons very early in glaucomatous insults.

And Alf Dubra is now using adaptive optics to image what we think are the same mitochondria moving in retinal ganglion cell axons.

But the precise function of PMP22, a major component of the myelin sheath that surrounds and insulates peripheral nerve cell axons, has been unclear.

(E) Retinal ganglion cell axons exit the eye as the optic nerve (white arrow), pass under the brain and out of view then reappear on the contralateral side (arrowhead).

White arrow points to ganglion cell axons, while red arrow points to ocular muscle.

Retinal ganglion cell axons (arrowhead), RPE (arrow), and rod photoreceptors (stained red for XAP2) are donor derived.

«They play an important role in the excitation of nerve cell axons and signal transfer between various cells,» says Prof. Dr. Heinz Beck, who conducts research in experimental epileptology at the Department of Epileptology, at the Life & Brain center and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE).

Without myelin to insulate neurons, signals sent down nerve cell axons quickly lose power.

The genes in question are all involved in the production of myelin, which forms the fatty insulation around nerve cell axons that enables efficient communication in the central nervous system.

«There must be some genes that are necessary and possibly also sufficient to guide the chandelier cell axons to this subcellular target,» said Andre Steineke, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Researcher and lead author on the study.

Because its powerful technology can measure microstructural features in the brain, such as the diameter of nerve cell axons, it enables researchers to answer entirely new questions, says CUBRIC director Derek Jones.

Rossoll and his colleagues showed that the SMN protein is acting like a «matchmaker» for messenger RNA that needs partners to transport it into the cell axon.

Not exact matches

The researchers found that puffing activated a mechanosensitive channel protein called TRPV4, which is enriched in the membrane of neuronal axons and allows calcium ions to enter the cell.

Myelin is a fatty material that coats the axon of the brain cell, acting as a protection for the cell.

Axons can measure several hundred times the diameter of the cell body, and, in addition to rapid transmission of electric impulses, they also transport molecular materials over these distances.

Neural stem cells differentiate into three different cell types: neurons (purple), oligodendrocytes (red), which produce axon insulation, and astrocytes (green), which also support neurons.

The researchers set up a system to grow asymmetric nerve cells in an observation chamber and use live cell imaging to track how rabies virus particles are transported along the axons.

«But there is quite a substantial decrease in white matter, which is primarily composed of cells that function in axon insulation.

The combination prompted the regrowth of axons — the «telephone wires» that help neurons communicate — projecting from retinal ganglion cells (RGCs).

However, when the researchers grew nerve cells that had no p75NTR in their observation chamber, they found that virus transport along the axon is less frequent and much slower.

Levels of NAD dropped, and the neural stem cells stopped dividing; they stopped renewing themselves; and they stopped being able to create important cells that insulate axons, the «wires» that carry electrical signals throughout the brain.

In 2011 researchers found that these waves of electricity cause neurons in the hippocampus, the main brain area involved with memory, to fire backward during sleep, sending an electrical signal from their axons to their own dendrites rather than to other cells.

Neuronal activity typically requires sensory input — for example, a taste or smell — that gets received by neurons» dendrites and then transmitted as an electrochemical message to other cells via long axons.

Nerve cells communicate by means of electrical impulses, which are transmitted along neural processes known as axons.

In a specific example of this scenario, co-occurrence of two alternative variants of the cell polarity factor Cdc42 in the same neuron was essential for proper development of a single axon and several functional dendrites.

The genes we detect are involved in the regulation of cell development, and are specifically important in synapse formation, axon guidance and neuronal differentiation.

And in a basket cell (above), axon branches, which allow the nerve cell to send messages to other neurons, cluster densely around the cell body.

To do this, these nerve cells send out axons, long, incredibly thin projections that reach out to other regions.

The cell's axon (blue) sends signals to other cells that spur them to action.

In another neuron called a chandelier cell (above), vertical branches of its signal - sending axon, which serves to quiet other cells, dangle around the cell body.

The other is that the virus itself directly attacks neural cells and destabilizes the myelin sheath around them or damages axons to cause GBS.

They make myelin, the fatty coating around axons — long, threadlike fibers that relay neural impulses from one cell to the next, activating the circuitry that endows us with the physical and emotional capacity to fully embrace the world.

A few microscopic techniques can focus light deep into the intact brains of dead animals to study its structure without damaging the axons, but much of this light is scattered away by the fatty lipid membranes that surround individual cells, making the technique less than perfect.

Unexpectedly, the team discovered a thick band of microtubules, a component of the cell's cytoskeleton, that extended from the axon of the neuron into the synaptic terminal and then looped around the interior periphery of the terminal.

However, this damages the axons — the arms that protrude from neurons to make connections with other cells — making it difficult to see exactly how brain cells link up.

When the researchers administered drugs to inhibit the movement of certain «motor» proteins that transport mitochondria and other cargo within the cell by traveling along microtubules, the mitochondria accumulated in the axon of the neuron and never made it to the synaptic terminal.

A team at Emory University is embedding electrodes in glass cones filled with nerve - growth factors that encourage brain cells to sprout more dendrites and axons.

Axons can be very long and relatively remote from the central portion of the cell, which houses the nucleus where DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA that can then be converted into proteins.

Here, three mouse neurons are each tinted a different color, so that the surfaces of their cell bodies, dendrites, and axons are visible.

Cajal also figured out that nerve cells are polar, meaning that signals enter the cell through the shrubbery of the dendrites at one end and leave through the other end at the whiplike axon.

One clear characteristic of MS is scarring of myelin, the protective substance surrounding the axons that extend from nerve cells.

Together the images give a sense of how the nervous system allocates space among glial cells, axons, and dendrites.

To make sure she understood how nuclei, dendrites, and axons came together to form different types of brain cells, she pulled out her crochet hook and went to work.