Sentences with phrase «cell differentiation which»

With these findings, Helmholtz Zentrum München scientists have discovered key molecular functions of stem cell differentiation which could be used for beta cell replacement therapy in diabetes.

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The first page of Larsen's Human Embryology states that, `... [W] e begin our description of the developing human with the formation and differentiation of the male and female sex cells or gametes [sperm and egg], which will unite at fertilisation to initiate the embryonic development of a new individual».

All the interdisciplinary skills and knowledge he had gathered during his scientific training — which had covered biochemistry, biotechnology, biomaterials, and stem cell biology — put him «in a very advantageous position to address this question» of how to develop nanoparticles that could modulate stem cell differentiation on demand, he says.

Engler's team, which includes bioengineering graduate student researchers Ludovic Vincent and Jessica Wen, found that the stem cell differentiation is a response to the mechanical deformation of the hydrogel from the force exerted by the cell.

Drosha degrades the messenger RNA for NFIB in the adult hippocampal stem cells and prevents the expression of this transcription factor which is necessary for the differentiation of oligodendrocytes and thus blocks their development and therefore biases differentiation towards neurons.

Now, in a new study published today, Sept. 8, in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a team of researchers from the University of Wisconsin - Madison has added a new wrinkle to the cell differentiation equation, showing that the stiffness of the surfaces on which stem cells are grown can exert a profound influence on cell fate.

Their results demonstrated shared mechanisms by which miR -17-92 mediates cGVHD progression — namely by regulating T helper - cell differentiation, B - cell activation, germinal center responses, and autoantibody production.

Two recent studies describe these kinds of mechanisms: one of them, published in the journal Molecular Systems Biology, describes the process through which cells stop growing due cell differentiation; the second one, published in Journal of Cell Science, describes plants» cell replenishment after being damacell differentiation; the second one, published in Journal of Cell Science, describes plants» cell replenishment after being damaCell Science, describes plants» cell replenishment after being damacell replenishment after being damaged.

Damage occurs when metastatic tumor cells recruit pre-osteoclast cells to the bone and then induce their differentiation into mature bone - degrading cells, which results in the release of proteins from the bone matrix that promote tumor cell growth.

On the flip side, those genes needed for differentiation, which were repressed in the progenitor cells, had their epigenetic repression removed.»

This process, called cell differentiation, gives rise to all the various cell types, such as nerve, muscle, or blood cells, which are diverse in shape and function and make up tissues and organs.

These findings reveal molecular factors that can be used to evaluate the differentiation potential of different cell lines, which should expedite the progress of iPS cells to clinical use.

Although this human Gut Chip recreated the villus epithelium of normal intestine and enabled new insights into how flow and cyclic peristalsis affects intestinal differentiation and function, it could not be used to study processes that relied on normal intestinal cells from individual donors, which, for example, is crucial for studying patient - specific responses for personalized medicine.

Their findings outlined four distinct cellular phases of sperm stem cells maturation, revealing how the stem cells progress from a «quiescent» state, to a «proliferation» state during which stem cells divide, to a final «differentiation» state when stem cells mature to become sperm.

Another factor that could also contribute to the efficiency of iPS cell line differentiation is the method with which the iPS cells were made.

When they put stem cells into this viscoelastic microenvironment and tuned the rate at which the gel relaxed, they observed dramatic changes in the behavior and differentiation of the cells.

Professor Heiko Lickert, director of the IDR, in collaboration with Professor Gunnar Schotta of LMU München, showed that the Wnt / β - catenin signaling pathway regulates Sox17, which in turn regulates molecular programs that assign pluripotent cells to the endoderm, thus inducing an initial differentiation of the stem cells.

One of the key metabolic alterations that takes place during EMT is that of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which is a pathway that regulates growth, survival, proliferation, and differentiation in mammalian cells.

Id3 inhibits the expression of E-proteins, which are involved in differentiation in somatic cells.

The expression of specific genes in a particular root cell determine its fate — the zone in which it will function, Subramanian explained, so he is identifying which micro-RNAs direct gene expression to achieve this differentiation.

which is focused on mouse models of adult stem cell differentiation and tissue regeneration.

The 28 groups that will eventually make up the CRG will be organised around five main programmes — Gene Regulation, Development and Cell Biology, Cell Differentiation and Cancer, Genes and Diseases, and Bioinformatics and Genomics — each of which will be headed by a senior scientist leading his or her own group.

It lays the foundation for subsequent studies to investigate the biology of pigment cell differentiation and chemical identification of the pigments themselves (both of which I believe are beyond the scope of this study).

One of the most attractive features of this model is the presence of the thermolabile large T antigen, which allows the user to regulate the level of cell differentiation.

Song explained the structural knowledge of DNMT3A will allow scientists to control DNA methylation content, gene expression, and cell differentiation — all of which are linked to diseases and finding cures for them.

The scientists used diffusion maps — a basic way to order snapshots of single cells along their developmental journey — but they plan to study developmental trajectories using a new algorithm called Wishbone, which uses single - cell RNA sequencing and mass cytometry data to specifically model branching steps during cell differentiation (Nat Biotechnol, 34:637 - 45, 2016).

Cell therapy, as envisaged by the teams of I - Stem, is primarily based on the identification of experimental protocols that can specifically guide differentiation of pluripotent cells to a cell fate, which presents a interest for the replacement of the defective cell population from the patient (the striatal neurons for Huntington's disease, the cells of the retinal pigment epithelium for retinitis pigmentosa, keratinocytes for genodermatoses, etCell therapy, as envisaged by the teams of I - Stem, is primarily based on the identification of experimental protocols that can specifically guide differentiation of pluripotent cells to a cell fate, which presents a interest for the replacement of the defective cell population from the patient (the striatal neurons for Huntington's disease, the cells of the retinal pigment epithelium for retinitis pigmentosa, keratinocytes for genodermatoses, etcell fate, which presents a interest for the replacement of the defective cell population from the patient (the striatal neurons for Huntington's disease, the cells of the retinal pigment epithelium for retinitis pigmentosa, keratinocytes for genodermatoses, etcell population from the patient (the striatal neurons for Huntington's disease, the cells of the retinal pigment epithelium for retinitis pigmentosa, keratinocytes for genodermatoses, etc.).

Indeed, we have obtained a homogenous mesodermal cell populations derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hES and iPS cells), which could represent discreet differentiation steps.

They include reduced lymphocyte repertoire, increasing clonality and increasing autoreactivity.5, 7,8 Recent work has focused on intrinsic cell defects, which alter T cell activation threshold, induction of cellular senescence and differentiation into short - lived effector or long - lived memory cells.

In addition to p53, there are other transcriptional activatory mechanisms that are not well understood for the most part and which operate in response to mitogenic stimulation (11, 12), transforming growth factor - β (13, 14, 15), and aberrant oncogenic signals (16, 17) or during a number of cell differentiation processes (18, 19).

With potential therapeutic implications, Stainier and a colleague also recently discovered that endothelial cells, which line the blood vessels, play a critical role in inducing the development, or proper differentiation, of red blood cells, the transporters of oxygen.

To address this problem, we developed a robust hepatocyte differentiation protocol — which promotes a highly synchronized differentiation pattern across multiple hiPS cell lines [1]-- and a novel maintenance medium, which enables the long - term culture of our hiPS cell - derived hepatocytes.

Researchers from the Sloan - Kettering Institute, led by Dr. Lorenz Studer, have discovered a novel type of neural stem cell, which has a broader differentiation potential than previously identified neural stem cells.

We have identified a number of key transcription factors that are deregulated during this process, and we are using this information to investigate mechanisms by which differentiation can be reprogrammed in tumour cells.

Dr. Studer and colleagues isolated and cloned a population of neural rosette cells (R - NSCs), which have an expanded neuronal subtype differentiation potential.

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), are known to be vulnerable to apoptosis upon various technical manipulation, such as single cell dissociation, freezing and thawing, etc., which hinder their use for clonal isolation in gene transfer, differentiation and FACS cell sorting.

Pluripotent stem cells should not be confused with «adult» stem cells, which reside naturally in the body but have a finite capacity for reproduction and differentiation.

Several studies have also suggested that OX40 signals can directly prevent suppressive activity of nTreg and can inhibit the induction of iTreg which further aid the clonal expansion and differentiation of effector T cells.

In this study, we analyzed three different cultures of neural cells carrying trisomy of chromosome 21, which were generated by directed differentiation from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells).

Through its various targets, MMP1 promotes not only tumor invasion but also breast cancer colonization to bone by mechanisms that include the release of membrane - bound EGF - like growth factors from tumor cells, leading to activation of EGF receptor signaling and suppression of OPG expression in osteoblasts, which in turn promotes the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts required for bone destruction and enhanced tumor growth in the bone microenvironment (32).

The morphological changes manifested in the cell types linked to larger toepads exemplify cell type differentiation that must be controlled by the physiology of reproduction and properly timed nutrient - dependent reproductive sexual behavior, which probably occurs near the location of the higher perches.

This differentiation is triggered by the endogenous Notch inhibitor Numb, which is upregulated in the stem cells by Wnt7a derived from UV - irradiated keratinocytes.

For definitive endoderm differentiation, spontaneously formed EBs on day 6 were plated onto matrigel - coated dishes and maintained in a low concentration of fetal bovine serum (FBS) in combination with a high concentration of recombinant Activin A. Scale - like cells appeared (Figure 5A), which were positive for definitive endoderm markers such as Foxa2, Sox17 and Gata4.

This is in accordance with previous reports that decitabine and 5 - azacytidine produce a marked synergistic effect in combination with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and romidepsin in T - lymphoma cell lines by modulating cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.26, 27 As a mechanism of action, KMT2D mutations of B - lymphoma cells promote malignant outgrowth by perturbing methylation of H3K4 that affect the JAK - STAT, Toll - like receptor, or B - cell receptor pathway.28, 29 Here our study indicated that dual treatment with chidamide and decitabine enhanced the interaction of KMT2D with the transcription factor PU.1, thereby inactivating the H3K4me - associated signaling pathway MAPK, which is constitutively activated in T - cell lymphoma.13, 30,31 The transcription factor PU.1 is involved in the development of all hematopoietic lineages32 and regulates lymphoid cell growth and transformation.33 Aberrant PU.1 expression promotes acute myeloid leukemia and is related to the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma via the MAPK pathway.34, 35 On the other hand, PU.1 is also shown to interact with chromatin remodeler and DNA methyltransferease to control hematopoiesis and suppress leukemia.36 Our data thus suggested that the combined action of chidamide and decitabine may interfere with the differentiation and / or viability of PTCL - NOS through a PU.1 - dependent gene expression program.

Instead, aneuploid NSCs present an extended G1 phase, which leads to cell cycle exit and premature differentiation.

As the V+S + population appeared to be an immediate early state of PrEn differentiation in which extremely low levels of PrEn determinants (e.g. Hex) are expressed, we wanted to ask whether FGF signalling promoted this state or acted to push cells already in this state further into differentiation.

A team led by Donald Ingber, Professor of Bioengineering at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) and Founding Director of Harvard's Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, now reports a solution to this challenge in Nature Biomedical Engineering, which enables the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells into mature podocytes with more than 90 percent efficiency.

RIG - G gene expression can be induced not only by ATRA along with the differentiation of NB4 cells but also by IFNα in a series of hematopoietic cell lines as well as various types of solid carcinoma cells (1, 3), which pointed to a possible role of RIG - G in signal cross-talk between ATRA and IFNα.

Taken together our data support a model in which ES cell culture has trapped a set of interconvertible cell states reminiscent of the early stages in blastocyst differentiation that may exist only transiently in the early embryo.

McKay's laboratory studies the process by which stem cells become specific cell types, known as differentiation.