Sentences with phrase «cell nuclei as»

An antibody for the protein CTBP2 reveals cell nuclei as well as synapses between hair cells and neurons (magenta).

«Using this elegant method, we can reveal that not all the incoming viral DNA enters the cell nucleus as originally expected, but a significant fraction remains in the cytosol, the fluids of the cytoplasm,» explains Greber.

Not exact matches

They're hoping to find out what controls the size of the nucleus, the central compartment of a cell that contains the DNA, and other components of the cell as it develops into a many - celled organism.

Molecular biology, contrary to the article, does not support evolution by natural chance because evolution can not occur without inheritance, inheritance can not occur without DNA and DNA is so complex it could not have evolved by chance unless we are to assume that molecules just happened to arrange themselves into the DNA molecule at the same times as a nucleus formed to hold the DNA, at the same time as the cell membrane just happened to form around it, at the sametime as all the cell maintaining process in the cytoplasm just happened to come into existence to form a single cell and that all these aspects just happened to come together and work harmoniously.

As specialized cells are generated during embryonic development, they are programmed to use only a limited amount of the total genetic information present in the nucleus to produce the proteins required for their particular function.

The cell nuclei are removed from both sets of embryonic cells, as shown in the diagram, the donor's nuclei and the remains of the parents» embryo are destroyed and the parents» nuclei are then inserted into the donor or «host» embryo, still containing its healthy mitochondria.

We anticipate some sort of growth toward increased complexity: increasingly larger organic macromolecules, then the convergence of many macromolecules to constitute a simple living system, either as a cell with its protective wall and vital nucleus or as some functional analogue, then the convergence of many cells to form larger organisms.

In this sense an atom is more complex than an electron, a molecule more complex than an atom, and a living cell more complex than the highest chemical nuclei of which it is composed, the difference depending (on this I insist) not only on the number and diversity of the elements included in each case, but at least as much on the number and correlative variety of the links formed between these elements.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined medically as macrovesicular steatosis, or abnormal retention of lipids (fats) sufficient and large enough to distort or replace the nuclei of liver cells among those who consume less than 20 grams -LRB-.7 ounces) of alcohol per day.

In eukaryotes such as animals and plants, DNA is stored inside the cell nucleus, while in prokaryotes such as bacteria and archaea, the DNA is in the cell's cytoplasm.

AS A species made up of eukaryotic cells complete with mitochondria, nuclei and other complex structures, it's easy for us Homo sapiens to look down on the far simpler prokaryotes, the cells of which lack such structures.

The advent of the nucleus — which differentiates eukaryotes (organisms whose cells contain a true nucleus), including humans, from prokaryotes, such as bacteria — can not be satisfactorily explained solely by the gradual adaptation of prokaryotic cells until they became eukaryotic.

Some of the proteins in the chloroplast are made from hereditary genes in the chloroplast itself, while other proteins (such as Sco2) are made from the DNA in the nucleus of the plant cell and then imported into the chloroplast.

Hartman suggested in 1984 that the nucleus arose when a hypothetical cell that stored its genetic information as RNA instead of DNA and possessed a simple cytoskeleton became the host for an archaeal organism.

«Even something as seemingly simple as red blood cells that don't have a nucleus evolved a structure and a function that is much more complicated than we can perceive by looking under the microscope,» says Jason Acker, associate director of development for Canadian Blood Services.

Goats as Drug Factories Initially, GTC generated transgenic goats by microinjecting into the developing nucleus of a one - cell embryo a gene encoding the desired human protein (along with DNA that promotes activation of that gene in milk).

Using their nuclei to exert force, they insert themselves between — as well as into — the cells (called endothelial cells) in the vessel walls.

DNA from the cell nucleus, which includes both maternal and paternal lines, tells a different story: The two types of elephants are in fact separate species, leading recently to a proposed relisting of the forest elephant as Loxodonta cyclotis.

In contrast, prokaryotes are organisms, such as bacteria and archaea, that lack nuclei and other complex cell structures.

The larger organelles, such as the nucleus and vacuoles, are easily visible with moderate magnification (although sometimes a clear view requires the application of chemicals that selectively stain parts of the cells); they were among the first biological discoveries made after the invention of the microscope.

The method, called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), replaces the DNA in an egg cell's nucleus with the genetic material from the nucleus of a skin cell, then tricks the egg cell to start dividing as if it had been fertilized with sperm.

Research shows that in Parkinson's disease a brainstem region called the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) develops changes in DNA found in mitochondria — the batteries of the cell — as they produce and store energy that cells can use.

sNuc - Seq bypassed those problems by using individual nuclei extracted from cells as a starting point instead.

The cells in such a brain tumor can display very different characteristics, such as varying cell size or number of cell nuclei.

In the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, DNA is packaged with histone proteins into complexes known as chromatin, which are further compacted into chromosomes during cell division.

But like the medieval alchemists, today's cloning and stem cell biologists are working largely with processes they don't fully understand: What actually happens inside the oocyte to reprogram the nucleus is still a mystery, and scientists have a lot to learn before they can direct a cell's differentiation as smoothly as nature's program of development does every time fertilized egg gives rise to the multiple cell types that make up a live baby.

But the master molecule, the Werner gene, remained invisible within the nucleus, as tiny to the cell as the cell was to the body.

Most are microscopic and unicellular, with a relatively simple cell structure lacking a cell nucleus, and organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.Bacteria are the most abundant of all organisms.

Proteins called kinesins, for example, are natural nanomotors that support cellular functions such as mitosis (the chromosomal process that creates two nuclei from one parent nucleus) and meiosis (when the number of chromosomes per cell is reduced by one half).

HDAC3 functions on the epigenome, the molecular component of the cell nucleus that specifies which genes are expressed — and just as importantly, which ones are not — in different cells of the body.

Long dismissed as a mere messenger, RNA is perhaps best known for its role ferrying instructions from the genome, which is cloistered in the nucleus, to more far - flung parts of the cell, where it is made into protein.

Most biologists typically recognize three official branches of life: the eukaryotes, which are organisms whose cells have a nucleus; bacteria, the single - celled organisms that may or may not possess a nucleus; and archaea, an ancient line of microbes without nuclei that may make up as much as a third of all life on Earth (See «Will the Methane Bubble Burst?»

They possess a suite of features lacking in their simpler brethren: a nucleus that houses DNA; an energy - producing device known as the mitochondrion; and molecular architecture, known as the cytoskeleton, that controls cell shape and movement.

This work, published in the journal Molecular Cell, reveals a new role for each nucleus» several hundred pores, which constitute as many microscopic factories of gene transcription.

For instance, a cell's nucleus may «feel» the cytoplasm as a fluid, honey - like material, while mitochondria may experience it more like toothpaste.

The cell nuclei are in grey and the influenza gene segments are labeled as dots with a particular color.

Most significantly, microscopy showed that nuclei of ASF1 - depleted cells contained aggregates of telomeric DNA, known as PML bodies.

Seeking to take advantage of these traits, scientists can reprogram viruses to function as vectors, capable of carrying their genetic cargo of choice into the nuclei of cells in the body.

In last week's filing, attorneys for the Broad Institute asked patent officials to remove two of its issued patents that focus on saCas9 from the original case, as well as two other patents (and a few affiliated claims in other patents) that describe techniques for enabling the CRISPR - Cas9 construct to target the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

The vast majority of our 20,000 or so genes exist in the DNA within each cell's nucleus, as distinct from the 13 protein - coding genes inside mtDNA.

Once a cluster of supervoxels has been identified as a cell nucleus, the computer uses that information to find the nucleus again in subsequent images.

As the source of their nucleus, the Japanese team took connective tissue cells from 24 - day - old fetuses of a black breed of pig.

After infecting liver cells, the circular HBV genome travels to the cell nucleus, where it is remains, as a circle, independent from the cell chromosomes.

But PPL's Irina Polejaeva then added a second nuclear transfer to the cloning protocol: As soon as the transferred nucleus expanded, as it typically does, the PPL team removed that nucleus once again and placed it in another egg cell that had just been fertilizeAs soon as the transferred nucleus expanded, as it typically does, the PPL team removed that nucleus once again and placed it in another egg cell that had just been fertilizeas the transferred nucleus expanded, as it typically does, the PPL team removed that nucleus once again and placed it in another egg cell that had just been fertilizeas it typically does, the PPL team removed that nucleus once again and placed it in another egg cell that had just been fertilized.

In the first cell cycle after fertilization the maternal genome inherited from the oocyte (egg) and the paternal genome provided by sperm exist as separate nuclei in the zygote.

This information flow may also be followed through the cell as it travels from the DNA in the nucleus, to the Cytoplasm, to the Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum, and finally to the Golgi Apparatus, which may package the final products for export outside the cell.

The nucleus of a cell is spherical, not circular, and as scientists, it's up to us to find ways to observe cells as accurately as possible, Shroff said.

Differentiated monkey cell nuclei, compared to other mammals such as mice or cows, have proven resistant to SCNT.

Its nucleus, such as it is, is not nearly as sophisticated as that of complex cells, and genetically it is very much like other bacteria.

The authors also found abnormalities in the subthalamic nucleus occur earlier than in other brain regions, and that subthalamic nucleus nerve cells progressively degenerate as the mice age, mirroring the human pathology of Huntington's disease.