Sentences with phrase «cell structures called»

The work is done inside cell structures called lysosomes.

Defects in DNA outside the chromosomes — in cell structures called mitochondria — can cause an array of disorders, perhaps including many that debilitate the elderly

Not exact matches

Thus a molecule is a subordinate society in the structured society which we call the «living cell.»

It is the DNA located in biological structures called mitochondria, not the DNA contained within the cell nucleus which we normally think of when we refer to «my DNA».

Studying mice, investigators from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis showed that a specific energy source called NAD is important in cells responsible for maintaining the overall structure of the brain and for performing complex cognitive functions.

The shared patterns of gene expression in the limbs and phallus are generated in part by a common set of noncoding DNA, also called «elements» or «enhancers,» which act to control gene expression in both of these structures, argues a study published October 1 in Developmental Cell.

Specialized sensory neurons in the inner ear, called hair cells, are responsible for the detection of sounds, and this information is transmitted to the auditory cortex via several intermediate structures.

Then the researchers doused dengue - spreading mosquitoes with a chemical that shuts down the mosquitoes» ability to detect CO2 by blocking a receptor called neuron — cpA, a type of sensory cell found on a small pair of antennalike structures near the mouth called the maxillary palps.

Stuart Hameroff, an anesthesiologist who has spent many years studying brain functions, has collaborated with renowned Oxford University polymath Roger Penrose on a model that explains consciousness as the result of quantum processes occurring in tiny structures called microtubules in brain cells.

BRAIN CANDY A new database offers a deep look at living human nerve cells, revealing elaborate branching structures and myriad shapes, such as in this neuron called a pyramidal cell (cell image, left and 3 - D computer reconstruction, right).

Fischetti and his colleagues used a phage - encoded molecule to identify a bacterial target enzyme called 2 - epimerase, which is used by Bacillus anthracis to synthesize an essential cell wall structure.

They all use RNA molecules as messengers to transfer the information from DNA to cellular factories called ribosomes, which then build proteins, which in turn drive our metabolisms and form the structures of our cells.

In order to find out how and why ovarian cancer cells grow and take on such lethal characteristics, Dr. Shepherd and his team grow the cancer cells in 3D structures, called «spheroids» — the same way the cancer cells grow in patients.

Finally, the team grew the tissue in a three - dimensional system, which coaxed it into forming all the structures found in gut tissue, including the finger - like villi that protrude inwards to increase surface area, and recesses called crypts containing the intestinal stem cells that renew the gut lining weekly (Nature, DOI: 10.1038 / nature09691).

The scientists were able to see distinct inner cell structures and so - called cell fountains, the bundles of packed and splaying filaments that form the body of the fleshy forms and are characteristic of red algae.

Alpha cells and beta cells are both endocrine cells meaning they synthesize and secret hormones — and they exist right next to one another in the pancreas in structures called islets.

After almost a decade of effort, crystallographers have achieved a major goal in AIDS research: They have determined the detailed structure of the protein HIV uses to infect immune cells called T lymphocytes.

But it seemed unlikely, because the body coverings were thought to grow differently: Feathers and hair develop from specialized plates of thickened ectoderm — an embryonic cell layer — called anatomical placodes, structures not seen in reptiles.

Óscar Llorca and his team have used this technique to learn about the structure and functioning of a complex system called R2TP, which is involved in various key processes for cell survival such as the activation of the kinases mTOR, ATR and ATM, proteins that are the target of various cancer drugs currently being developed.

In particular, the highly branched tree - like fungal structures, called arbuscules, normally found inside cells of the host root — which are required for nutrient exchange — remain underdeveloped.

Knowledge of this structure, called the cytoplasmic tail of gp41 protein, will help researchers further understand how the virus infects human cells and how progeny viruses are assembled and released from infected cells.

Last year, the same researchers showed that the trigger came from cells in a structure in the embryonic brain called the floor plate, which dopamine cells brush past while migrating to their eventual home in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra.

They depleted their reserves of these chemicals rapidly each time a new auditory signal came in, and they decreased the amount of space within the cells that housed sac - like structures called vesicles — biological storage tanks where neurotransmitter chemicals are kept.

Using a crystal structure of a complex protein compound of botulinum neurotoxin, Rongsheng Jin, associate professor of physiology & biophysics at UC Irvine, and collaborators found that these compounds — called clostridial hemagglutinin (HA)-- bind with epithelial cell proteins in the intestines of patients, which initiates a process that disrupts the close intercellular seals so that the complex toxin molecules can slip through the epithelial barrier.

Her team decided to try a cell - growing approach, called 3D cultures, that's been successful for other types of cells that need to form complex structures as they grow.

«We called it a nanocell because it looks like a nucleus and surrounding lipid structure, but it's significantly smaller than a cell,» Sengupta says.

Mammalian hairs and avian feathers develop from a similar primordial structure called a «placode»: a local thickening of the epidermis with columnar cells that reduce their rate of proliferation and express very specific genes.

When Kaufman, Zon and colleagues looked to see what was different about these early cancer cells, they found that crestin and the other activated genes are the same ones turned on during zebrafish embryonic development — specifically, in the stem cells that give rise to the pigment cells known as melanocytes, within a structure called the neural crest.

As in human cells, these EPO molecules get «decorated» variously with sugar chains, producing a cocktail of so - called glycoforms with different three - dimensional structures.

Using a new technique they call «in - air microfluidics», University of Twente scientists succeed in printing 3D structures with living cells.

Between the brain's neurons and glial cells is a critical but understudied structure that's been called neuroscience's final frontier: the extracellular space.

The cells act as sentries, engulfing toxins, cellular wastes and microbes and then encasing them in sphere - like structures called vesicles.

Normally, cell division halts once these structures, called telomeres, wear down.

The results were published in the journal Lab on a Chip (Lab on a Chip 17 (19), 3291 - 3299) in an article called: «Magnetic particles assisted capture and release of rare circulating tumor cells using wavy - herringbone structured microfluidic devices.»

The structure of the testes depends on a type of cell called Sertoli cells, which maintain the barrier between the bloodstream and the testes and nourish developing sperm cells.

Shapiro hypothesized that these structures, called gas vesicles, could bounce back sound waves in ways that make them distinguishable from other types of cells.

We already knew that E. coli can grip to human cells using hair - like appendages that have tiny protein hooks on their tips, but until now no one had worked out the structure of this protein, called FimH, or how it interacts with human cells.

«The structures, which we call liquid organelles, often appear and disappear inside cells.

In January, a team at the University of Washington, Seattle, described in Cell a test that relies on tissue - specific differences in how DNA is packaged in structures called nucleosomes.

In the final step in bacterial cell division, constriction of the so - called Z - ring, an annular structure that forms on the plasma membrane near the midpoint of the cell, gives rise to the two daughter cells: A research team led by Erwin Frey, who holds the Chair of Statistical and Biological Physics at LMU, has now used mathematical modelling to understand the mechanism that drives formation of the Z - ring, and in so doing have uncovered a novel class of pattern - forming mechanism in biological systems.

In order for a cancer cell to enter the brain, it must first bind to the cells which line the structure separating the blood from the brain which is called the blood - brain barrier (BBB).

Scientists have developed new fluorescent probes that prove the existence of cell membrane structures called «lipid rafts», allowing researchers to study how toxins and viruses invade cells.

One holds that it is an active process in which paternal mitochondria are selectively degraded by a «self - eating» system known as autophagy, in which vesicles called autophagosomes engulf the cell's unwanted structures.

NPC is caused by a mutation in one of two genes, resulting in problems in how a person's cells process cholesterol in structures called lysosomes.

Responsible for the assembly of microtubules in a cell, a protein called tau plays a large role in the structure of the neurons, as well as their function.

The method is called «3D Structure Identification of Nanoparticles by Graphene Liquid Cell EM (SINGLE)» and it exceeds previous techniques by combining three recently developed components.

Our genes are packaged into cells by wrapping them around protein structures called nucleosomes.

UNDER THE SKIN Researchers have discovered mysterious structures, such as these bubblelike compartments called vesicles that sit between the cell membrane (cyan) and the cell wall (purple) of the bacterium Halothiobacillus neapolitanus (cryotomogram, top; 3 - D reconstruction, bottom).

If you imagine the female egg cell (and later, the fertilized egg) as a spherical planet with its own intrinsic biological geography, then certain characteristics of that cell — the location of protein molecules or RNA messages or biochemical traits like pH or even the internal connective structures called microtubules — will be more prominent in certain regions, like one hemisphere as opposed to the other, or near the surface rather than near the core.

During pregnancy, hormonal signals cause epithelial cells lining the ducts to proliferate and form ball - like structures called alveoli, which is where milk is made when the baby is born.