Tissue /
cell type control.
This result reflected earlier findings that ILC and T cell subclasses produce similar sets of cytokines, but also revealed differences in how the two
cell types control the activities of these key immune response genes.
Not exact matches
CRAC channels
control the entry of calcium into immune and other
cell types, and calcium is an important intracellular signaling molecule that modulates cytokine production and the immune response.
First, an adult
cell would be removed from a patient and the DNA of that
cell altered to
control and direct the
types of gene expression the nucleus is capable of supporting.
Scientists have long speculated that astrocytes, the
cell type that
controls many neuronal functions, give rise to neural stem
cells in damaged brain tissue.
That
type of fine - grained
control is also revealing that at least some tumors may begin releasing
cells sooner than scientists had realized.
A
type of immune therapy known as PD - 1 blockade
controlled cancer in 77 percent of patients with defects in DNA mismatch repair — the system
cells use to spell - check and fix errors in DNA (SN Online: 10/7/15).
To make stem
cells the basis for safe medical treatments, however, the field would need the ability to tightly
control stem
cell pluripotency, the ability to become many
cell types, and self - renewal or immortality, the ability to keep dividing and multiplying over time in constant turnover.
Setton says the multistep process her lab used to derive NP -
type cells from the hiPSCs provides the necessary quality
control as scientists seek additional uses for stem
cell therapies.
The
cells we have studied
control the blink reflex, but there are many
cells of the same
type that
control entirely different processes.
The circuit Hasan's group has discovered consists of three
types of nerve
cells — one set senses and reports the lack of protein in food, a second set integrates this input with metabolic information and the third set
controls the hormonal signals necessary to begin pupation.
Duke University biologist Pelin Volkan and colleagues have identified a set of genetic
control switches that interact early in a fly's development to generate dozens of
types of olfactory neurons, specialized nerve
cells for smell.
By tweaking different fly genes and counting how many neuron
types were produced as the flies matured, the team identified a network of five genes that work together like coordinated
control switches to guide the precursor
cells» transformation to mature neurons.
Once stem
cells can be grown and differentiated in a
controlled way to replace degenerated
cells and repair tissues, medical science may then be able to diagnose and cure many intractable diseases at their earliest stages, such as
type 1 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, various cardiovascular diseases, liver disease, and cancer.
The researchers studied two
types of
cells called effector T
cells, which activate the immune system to defend our body against different pathogens, and regulatory T
cells, which help
control the immune system and prevent it from attacking healthy parts of its environment.
The smart window
controls the transmission of visible light and infrared heat into the building, while the new
type of solar
cell uses near - UV light to power the system.
They discovered that genetic variation influencing a person's risk for multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and
type 1diabetes is more likely to
control gene activity in T
cells than in monocytes.
By programming
cells to produce different
types of curli fibers under certain conditions, the researchers were able to
control the biofilms» properties and create gold nanowires, conducting biofilms, and films studded with quantum dots, or tiny crystals that exhibit quantum mechanical properties.
This makes them easier to
control than other
types of
cells used in therapies and makes side effects unlikely.
«TGF - beta functions as an important time signal that
controls when a stem
cell should stop producing one
type of nerve
cell and instead start producing another, while also gradually limiting the stem
cell's future development capacity,» says Johan Ericson, Professor of Developmental Biology, who led the study.
If edible beef is the goal, you don't want any hoof or fur mixed in with it, but as of now, scientists can not consistently
control what
type of
cells are produced.
The researchers traced stem
cells as they matured into motor neurons, which are the
type of nerve
cells that
control muscle movement.
Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) researchers have discovered that a particular
type of protein (hormone) found in fat
cells helps regulate how glucose (blood sugar) is
controlled and metabolized (used for energy) in the liver.
In experiments in mice, UC San Francisco researchers have discovered that regulatory T
cells (Tregs; pronounced «tee - regs»), a
type of immune
cell generally associated with
controlling inflammation, directly trigger stem
cells in the skin to promote healthy hair growth.
Spanish scientists have discovered that melatonin consumption helps
control weight gain because it stimulates the appearance of «beige fat», a
type of fat
cell that burns calories in vivo instead of storing them.
It plays an important role in how
cells sense their neighbors and, by
controlling gene expression, determines which
cells should develop into different
types and how much they should grow - like a master controller.»
«We don't yet know if this
type of coordination and
control works in stem
cell niches of other tissue
types,» says DiNardo.
The specific pattern of epigenetic marks in a
cell type specifies identity and this epigenetic
control is vital to what makes our
cells different, for example a skin
cell from a liver
cell, when they all contain the same genetic instructions.
An international research team headed by the rheumatologist Dr Andreas Ramming at Friedrich - Alexander - Universität Erlangen - Nürnberg (FAU) has now managed to identify an immune system
cell type that can be used in a targeted attempt to
control the inflammatory response in arthritis patients.
As such, scientists hypothesise that cathelicidins may be involved in the
control of
type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune disease where certain
cells in the immune system attack beta
cells in the pancreas which secrete insulin.
The research also answers a long - standing question about why motor neurons, the nerve
cells of the spinal cord that
control muscle movement, form much faster than other
types of neurons.
Tumors are home to diverse immune
cell types, some of which remain much less explored than T
cells and could also
control cancer progression» says Mikael Pittet, PhD, director of the Cancer Immunology Program in the MGH Center for Systems Biology and senior author of the Science paper.
Before the vaccination, only 4 % of the participants» cytotoxic T lymphocytes (a
type of white blood
cell that helps
control infections) specifically targeted these conserved proteins; after vaccination, that jumped to 67 %.
Named after the BMP signal protein, this pathway
controls the evolution of various
cell types depending on the protein concentration, similar to the Wnt pathway, but in a different direction.
In some human
cell types, this process is
controlled by a family of regulatory proteins called ESRP.
«This
type of analysis is likely to become a gold standard for quality
controlling stem
cells, including induced pluripotent stem
cells, whether they are to be used solely in research or envisioned for clinical applications,» he says.
The researchers were also able to
control the relative composition of different hormonal
cell types simply by exposing human pluripotent stem
cells to different ratios of two proteins: fibroblast growth factor 8 and bone morphogenetic protein 2.
In the Nature papers, the researchers compared gene transcription, chromatin modification and other processes that
control gene activity in a wide range of mouse and human tissues and
cell types.
The antibody fragment was selected because it uniquely binds to the
cell membranes of red blood
cell precursors while avoiding other
types of blood
cells that
control clotting and vessel growth.
Melton says his lab has iPS
cell lines from people with diabetes — both
type 1 and
type 2, in which the β
cells are not destroyed — and healthy
controls.
This «friendly fire» goes unchecked due to the failing of another
type of immune
cell: called the T - reg, which
controls T - effector
cells, shutting them down when they are not needed.
They hypothesized that a different
type of CD8 T
cells — one that acts more like a stem
cell — could help
control the infection long term.
It exerts this
control by regulating
cell proliferation and transformation into specific organ
cell types.
Previously, in the region that
controls the function of the transcription factor that promotes differentiation from ES
cells to a specific
cell type, bivalent modifications of histones such as the accelerator and brake histone marks for transcription were thought to have coexisted.
To determine whether ZFN - mediated disruption of cxcr4 indeed protects CD4 + T
cells from an in vitro HIV challenge, human CD4 + T
cells from three different ccr5 wild
type donors were stimulated and transduced with AdX4 - ZFNs or an AdR5 - ZFNs
control.
Control studies were performed using
cells expressing either wild -
type PREX2 or green fluorescent protein (GFP).
The treatment induced changes in the synthesis of 101 proteins and ELISA analysis revealed a sixfold higher secretion of
type II collagen compared to
control cells.
Now, Professor Martin and colleagues have discovered that in response to specific
types of
cell damage, Parkin can trigger the self - destruction of «injured» nerve
cells by switching on a
controlled process of «cellular suicide» called apoptosis.
One
type, characterized by the presence of dynamic, unstable, nucleosomes, is found at highly expressed genes, such as those involved in the
control of
cell growth and division.
Other researchers at Joslin are conducting large scale genetic screening for novel therapeutic targets to
control autoimmunity, which will complement the effort of BAIRT to extend autologous beta
cell replacement to patients with
type 1 diabetes.