Sentences with phrase «central brain neurons»

A team of scientists has linked changes in the structure of a handful of central brain neurons to understanding how animals adjust to changing seasons.

Not exact matches

Whitehead's system is able to encompass the results, however: while the actual occasions constituting the central nervous system of bees are certainly of a lower degree of complexity than that of mammals, a bee brain contains thousands of interactive neurons, so that there is no a priori reason why the dominant occasion of the bee may not be capable of complex experiences in situations relevant to the bees» survival.

What all these have in common is that, without any central control, individual units (genes, cells neurons or workers) respond to simple, local information, in ways that allow the whole system (cells, brains, organisms or colonies) to function: the appropriate number of units performs each activity at the appropriate time.

The study, «Polarity of varicosity initiation in central neuron mechanosensation,» which will be published June 12 in The Journal of Cell Biology, observes the swelling process in live cultured neurons and could lead to new ways of limiting the symptoms associated with concussive brain injuries.

Far - reaching neurons in the central amygdala, the location of fear memory in the brain seen here in red (rightl), directly contact neurons in the brainstem, here in green (left).

These images of mouse brains compare laser scanning photostimulation maps of all the neurons connected to one central neuron in control mice (left) vs. mice dosed with valproic acid (VPA) to induce autism - like symptoms (right).

The peripheral nervous system or PNS, is part of the nervous system, and consists of the nerves and neurons that reside or extend outside the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) to serve the limbs and organs, for example.

They found that it was expressed in the brain's central pacemaker neurons, which play a role in regulating circadian rhythms.

«The octopus nervous system is organized in a totally different way from ours: The central brain surrounds the esophagus, which is typical of invertebrates, but it also has groups of neurons in the arms that can work relatively autonomously, plus huge optic lobes involved in vision,» said Daniel Rokhsar, who co-led the project along with Clifton Ragsdale, of the University of Chicago.

At the same time, GRP neurons are not the only group of spinal cord neurons that receive and forward pain signals toward the brain, and the brain itself plays a central role in translating signals from peripheral neurons into experienced sensation.

Now, to enable widespread gene delivery throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems, Caltech researchers have developed two new variants of a vector based on an adeno - associated virus (AAV): one that can efficiently ferry genetic cargo past the blood - brain barrier; and another that is efficiently picked up by peripheral neurons residing outside the brain and spinal cord, such as those that sense pain and regulate heart rate, respiration, and digestion.

Charlotte Helfrich - Förster sums up the central findings of these experiments as follows: «Our analyses show that PDF neurons head for brain areas that are essential for learning, memory and orientation to the sun.

Buchanan found that he could boost variability by manipulating a specific set of neurons in the brain region called the central complex.

For instance, in an octopus, the majority of neurons are in the arms themselves — nearly twice as many in total as in the central brain.

In both humans and rats, these neurons make up only about five percent of the neurons in the brain's central amygdala.

Specifically, stem cell scientists at McMaster can now directly convert adult human blood cells to both central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) neurons as well as neurons in the peripheral nervous system (rest of the body) that are responsible for pain, temperature and itch perception.

Neuroscientists have long believed that scar tissue formed by glial cells — the cells that surround neurons in the central nervous system — impedes damaged nerve cells from regrowing after a brain or spinal cord injury.

Zhou's team will coax ES cells to develop into precursors to neurons, and will then inject them into the striatum, a central region of the brain implicated in the disease.

Though their purpose and function are still largely unknown, mirror neurons in the brain are believed by some neuroscientists to be central to how humans relate to each other.

Activity in touch - sensitive fibers can actually turn off shared central neurons, preventing pain signals from reaching the brain.

These problems are caused by a type of white blood cells called T cells that, after becoming activated, find their way into the brain and attack the protective covering — myelin — of neurons in the brain and spinal cord, causing inflammation and damage to the central nervous system.

In a normal brain, the neurons of the central thalamus crackle with electrical activity when we struggle to pay attention to the world around us, and they accelerate their action as we emerge from sleep.

«Essentially, they cause acetylcholine to build up in the brain, causing hyperexcitability of neurons as well as the death of some neurons, which leads to inflammation in the brain,» said Ashok K. Shetty, PhD, a professor in the Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine at the Texas A&M College of Medicine, associate director of the Institute for Regenerative Medicine, research career scientist at the Olin E. Teague Veterans Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System and senior author of the paper.

The scientists have used supporting cells of the central nervous system, glial cells, to regenerate healthy and functional neurons, shown in green in this image in the brain of a mouse with Alzheimer's disease.

The scientists have used supporting cells of the central nervous system, glial cells, to regenerate healthy, functional neurons, which are critical for transmitting signals in the brain.

The central insight of the new work is that even though there exist an infinite number of different possible faces, our brain needs only about 200 neurons to uniquely encode any face, with each neuron encoding a specific dimension, or axis, of facial variability.

The short - term working memory is stored with the help of the messenger substances in a small group of ring - shaped neurons in the ellipsoid body in the central brain of Drosophila.

Our goal is to use a new imaging system to monitor damage caused by AD to the brain region that contains the insulated axons (analogous to cables) connecting the neuron cell bodies (analogous to the central processing unit of a computer).

A small group of ring - shaped neurons (green) in the central brain of the fly (magenta) are the seat of visual orientation memory.

CCHa2 - R expression in the brain is not specific to IPCs but occurs in other central neurons (Fig 2B, 2C, 2F and 2G).

In rats and humans, these neurons make up about 5 percent of the brain cells in the central amygdala, the region of the brain involved with emotions.

But the central nervous system, meaning the brain and spinal cord, is different, and medical wisdom held that no new brain cells, neurons, are made after early childhood.

The brain and the rest of the central nervous system are composed of a variety of cells, but the primary functional unit is a cell called a neuron.

Mesodiencephalic dopamine neurons play central roles in the regulation of a wide range of brain functions, including voluntary movement and behavioral processes.

When stimulated, these receptors trigger activity in peripheral neurons, which then send signals to the brain via the central nervous system.

However, the high concentration of these chemicals in the form of aspartame floods your central nervous system and can cause excessive firing of brain neurons.

In norepinephrine - containing brain neurons, neurons in the peripheral central nervous system, and in the adrenal gland, dopamine is converted to norepinephrine by dopamine - beta - hydroxylase.

Cerebrolysin has been found to improve the metabolic activity of brain tissue, shield neurons from harmful substances, and stimulate the peripheral and central nervous systems.

This peptide is extremely small, allowing it to penetrate the blood - brain barrier and act directly on the neurons of the central nervous system.

The changes in the brain seen in people who have seizure disorders are very similar in nature to that of chronic pain and thought to involve increased excitability of neurons, both in the central and peripheral nervous system.

In addition to the decrease in size, the overall number of neurons in the brain, the cells that comprise the brain and central nervous system, decrease in number.

Two - thirds of the neurons in an octopus reside not in its brain but in its arms; octopus arms are, unbelievably, able to perform simple tasks independent of input from the central brain, including opening shellfish, searching for food in crevices, and responding to pain or injury (even if completely severed).