Scopolamine is a well known competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist that causes reproducible, transient impairments across multiple cognitive domains in healthy animals and non-diseased humans by decreasing
central cholinergic neuronal activity [124, 125].
It is commonly argued that
cholinergic receptors do not respond rapidly enough to be involved in generating theta waves, and therefore that GABAergic and / or glutamatergic signals (Ujfalussy and Kiss, 2006) must play the
central role.
The emetic center receives input from the gastrointestinal tract, the vestibular apparatus, and the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CRTZ).3 The emetic center has 4 receptors: neurokinin - 1 (NK1), serotonin, adrenergic, and glucocorticoid.3 The vomiting associated with motion sickness involves M1 -
cholinergic receptors (located in the autonomic nervous system,
central nervous system, and gastric glands) and H1 - histaminergic receptors (located in the smooth muscles, heart, and
central nervous system) that ultimately send signals to the emetic center, causing vomiting.3