That last step is the most important, but also one of the most challenging because «when you try to sample a large population of people who you already know have a
certain disease, like cancer, it's really difficult to pinpoint all the different biomarkers that will
make you fairly sure of the person's illness is detected regardless of
environmental conditions,» he says.
Then, by analysing the sediments for chemical fossils
made by
certain microscopic plants that live in sea ice and the surrounding oceans, Knies and his co-workers were able to fingerprint the
environmental conditions as they changed through time.