The researchers found that the rates of subclinical
atherosclerosis progression,
as measured by
changes in common carotid artery intima - media thickness or coronary artery calcium, did not differ significantly between men assigned to the testosterone or placebo groups.
Just
as they promote hormonal
changes that can lead to anovulatory cycles and infertility in women
as valuable tools in the war against breast cancer, they tout testosteronelowering in men
as protective against prostate cancer and
atherosclerosis.20, 21
First, depression has been linked to multiple biological abnormalities, including vascular pathologic
changes, autonomic function
changes, hypercoagulability, and hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis hyperactivity.10 Evidence shows that depression in adulthood is linked to elevated risk of developing cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and dementia in later life.11 Second, inflammation contributes to
atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, and neurodegeneration.12 - 14 Evidence shows that elevation in inflammation biomarkers, such
as C - reactive protein (CRP), in adulthood predicts the development of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and dementia in later life.15 - 17 Third, metabolic abnormalities such
as obesity, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, hypertension, and cardiorespiratory fitness contribute to vascular lesions and hormonal imbalance.