Thus,
in principle, a successful vaccine has to stimulate the first B
cells in this lineage and then coax them along a fairly narrow evolutionary path
until they have
changed enough to provide effective protection against HIV.
Although the blood disorder sickle -
cell anemia was first described for medical science early
in the 20th century, it was not
until 1956 that researchers pinpointed its cause: a single
change in a nucleotide
in the gene that codes for the oxygen - carrying molecule hemoglobin.