The idea is, if
the change in surface temperature over that period is affected by changes in cloud cover, but changes of the surface temperature associated with the ocean warming are small, then changes in cloud cover must be driving the present global warming.
The short - term
change in surface temperature over the 2000 - 2010 period is a result of ocean heat being exchanged with the atmosphere (via ENSO).
Not exact matches
While this is bad news for the planet, it's good news for climate
change scientists who have — for the last two decades — puzzled
over warming trends
in ocean
surface temperatures for nearly 20 years.
Kevin Trenbeth, a climate scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research
in Boulder, Colo., said the study didn't account for
changes in sea
surface temperatures, which are the main drivers of
changes in the position of the rain belts (as is seen during an El Nino event, when Pacific warming pushes the subtropical jet
over the Western U.S. southward).
The effects of wind
changes, which were found to potentially increase
temperatures in the Southern Ocean between 660 feet and 2,300 feet below the
surface by 2 °C, or nearly 3.6 °F, are
over and above the ocean warming that's being caused by the heat - trapping effects of greenhouse gases.
Changes in the
temperature of the sea
surface in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans are linked to the pattern of rainfall
over parts of the surrounding continents.
The committee has prepared a report that,
in my view, provides policy makers and the scientific community with a critical view of
surface temperature reconstructions and how they are evolving
over time, as well as a good sense of how important our understanding of the paleoclimate
temperature record is within the overall state of scientific knowledge on global climate
change.
The most important bias globally was the modification
in measured sea
surface temperatures associated with the
change from ships throwing a bucket
over the side, bringing some ocean water on deck, and putting a thermometer
in it, to reading the thermometer
in the engine coolant water intake.
Here, we report on local and global
changes in MHW characteristics
over time as recorded by satellite and
in situ measurements of sea
surface temperature (SST) and defined using a quantitative MHW framework, which allows for comparisons across regions and events1.
[T] he idea that the sun is currently driving climate
change is strongly rejected by the world's leading authority on climate science, the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which found in its latest (2013) report that «There is high confidence that changes in total solar irradiance have not contributed to the increase in global mean surface temperature over the period 1986 to 2008, based on direct satellite measurements of total solar irradiance.&
change is strongly rejected by the world's leading authority on climate science, the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change, which found in its latest (2013) report that «There is high confidence that changes in total solar irradiance have not contributed to the increase in global mean surface temperature over the period 1986 to 2008, based on direct satellite measurements of total solar irradiance.&
Change, which found
in its latest (2013) report that «There is high confidence that
changes in total solar irradiance have not contributed to the increase
in global mean
surface temperature over the period 1986 to 2008, based on direct satellite measurements of total solar irradiance.»
For significant periods of time, the reconstructed large - scale
changes in the North Pacific SLP field described here and by construction the long - term decline
in Hawaiian winter rainfall are broadly consistent with long - term
changes in tropical Pacific sea
surface temperature (SST) based on ENSO reconstructions documented
in several other studies, particularly
over the last two centuries.
This involves a combination of satellite observations (when different satellites captured
temperatures in both morning and evening), the use of climate models to estimate how
temperatures change in the atmosphere
over the course of the day, and using reanalysis data that incorporates readings from
surface observations, weather balloons and other instruments.
To contribute to an understanding of the underlying causes of these
changes we compile various environmental records (and model - based interpretations of some of them)
in order to calculate the direct effect of various processes on Earth's radiative budget and, thus, on global annual mean
surface temperature over the last 800,000 years.
Forster and Gregory (2006) estimate ECS based on radiation budget data from the ERBE combined with
surface temperature observations based on a regression approach, using the observation that there was little
change in aerosol forcing
over that time.
The climate
in most places has undergone minor
changes over the past 200 years, and the land - based
surface temperature record of the past 100 years exhibits warming trends
in many places.
Penetrating into the sebaceous glands, the active compound is distributed evenly
over the entire
surface of the skin, and now the poison is not going to be washed off with water, not afraid of
changes in temperature and is maintained at the desired concentration at all times until the dog wears a collar against fleas.
In addition, since the global surface temperature records are a measure that responds to albedo changes (volcanic aerosols, cloud cover, land use, snow and ice cover) solar output, and differences in partition of various forcings into the oceans / atmosphere / land / cryosphere, teasing out just the effect of CO2 + water vapor over the short term is difficult to impossibl
In addition, since the global
surface temperature records are a measure that responds to albedo
changes (volcanic aerosols, cloud cover, land use, snow and ice cover) solar output, and differences
in partition of various forcings into the oceans / atmosphere / land / cryosphere, teasing out just the effect of CO2 + water vapor over the short term is difficult to impossibl
in partition of various forcings into the oceans / atmosphere / land / cryosphere, teasing out just the effect of CO2 + water vapor
over the short term is difficult to impossible.
Past summer, extratropical
temperature changes appear, for example, to have have differed significantly from annual
temperature changes over the entire (tropical and extratropical) Northern Hemisphere, and tropical Pacific Sea
Surface Temperatures appear to have varied oppositely with temperatures in the extratropical regions o
Temperatures appear to have varied oppositely with
temperatures in the extratropical regions o
temperatures in the extratropical regions of the globe.
The problem here is that estimates of
changes in sea
surface temperature and the depth of the warm mixed layer might be very unreliable, since the general behavior of the Atlantic circulation is only now being directly observed — and the most recent findings are that flow rates vary
over a whole order of magnitude:
The key points of the paper are that: i) model simulations with 20th century forcings are able to match the
surface air
temperature record, ii) they also match the measured
changes of ocean heat content
over the last decade, iii) the implied planetary imbalance (the amount of excess energy the Earth is currently absorbing) which is roughly equal to the ocean heat uptake, is significant and growing, and iv) this implies both that there is significant heating «
in the pipeline», and that there is an important lag
in the climate's full response to
changes in the forcing.
Given all the independent lines of evidence pointing to average
surface warming
over the last few decades (satellite measurements, ocean
temperatures, sea - level rise, retreating glaciers, phenological
changes, shifts
in the ranges of
temperature - sensitive species), it is highly implausible that it would lead to more than very minor refinements to the current overall picture.
(Within the range where water vapor feedback is runaway, zero
change in external forcing»cause s» a large
change in climate; the equilibrium
surface temperature, graphed
over some measure of external forcing, takes a step at some particular value.)
The ability of a band to shape the
temperature profile of the whole atmosphere should tend to be maximum at intermediate optical thicknesses (for a given band width), because at small optical thicknesses, the amounts of emission and absorption within any layer will be small relative to what happens
in other bands, while at large optical thicknesses, the net fluxes will tend to go to zero (except near TOA and, absent convection, the
surface) and will be insensitive to
changes in the
temperature profile (except near TOA), thus allowing other bands greater control
over the
temperature profile (depending on wavelength — greater influence for bands with larger bandwidths at wavelengths closer to the peak wavelength — which will depend on
temperature and thus vary with height.
Dr Roy Spencer writes: As seen
in the following graphic,
over the period of the satellite record (1979 - 2012), both the
surface and satellite observations produce linear
temperature trends which are below... Climate
Change Is Real.
The climate sensitivity is defined as the equilibrated
change in global mean
surface air
temperature (SAT) for a given
change in radiative forcing and has been a major focus of climate research
over the last three decades.
The
surface temperature data set plays a central role
in the political debate
over climate
change.
In March 2009, Michaels, under the auspices of the Cato Institute, circulated a draft advertisement that stated: «
Surface temperature changes over the past century have been episodic and modest and there has been no net global warming for
over a decade now... The computer models forecasting rapid
temperature change abjectly fail to explain recent climate behavior.»
Temperature change from climate models, including that reported in 1988 (12), usually refers to temperature of surface air over both land
Temperature change from climate models, including that reported
in 1988 (12), usually refers to
temperature of surface air over both land
temperature of
surface air
over both land and ocean.
By comparing modelled and observed
changes in such indices, which include the global mean
surface temperature, the land - ocean
temperature contrast, the
temperature contrast between the NH and SH, the mean magnitude of the annual cycle
in temperature over land and the mean meridional
temperature gradient
in the NH mid-latitudes, Braganza et al. (2004) estimate that anthropogenic forcing accounts for almost all of the warming observed between 1946 and 1995 whereas warming between 1896 and 1945 is explained by a combination of anthropogenic and natural forcing and internal variability.
This was my mental equation dF = dH / dt + lambda * dT where dF is the forcing
change over a given period (1955 - 2010), dH / dt is the rate of
change of ocean heat content, and dT is the
surface temperature change in the same period, with lambda being the equilibrium sensitivity parameter, so the last term is the Planck response to balance the forcing
in the absence of ocean storage
changes.
My point is, the Tierney 2010 report is a study of the
change in Lake Tanganyika
surface temperature over time, which contains no measurements of the
change in LST
over time, and which has exactly three actual
surface temperature measurements, which are poorly cited, are from different parts of the lake, and are all from 2003...
For example, Kosaka and Xie showed than when the El Niño - related
changes in Pacific ocean
temperature are entered into a model, it not only reproduced the global
surface warming
over the past 15 years but it also accurately reproduced regional and seasonal
changes in surface temperatures.
MM04 failed to acknowledge other independent data supporting the instrumental thermometer - based land
surface temperature observations, such as satellite - derived
temperature trend estimates
over land areas
in the Northern Hemisphere (Intergovernmental Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change, Third Assessment Report, Chapter 2, Box 2.1, p. 106) that can not conceivably be subject to the non-climatic sources of bias considered by them.
Here we show that accounting for recent cooling
in the eastern equatorial Pacific reconciles climate simulations and observations.We present a novel method of uncovering mechanisms for global
temperature change by prescribing,
in addition to radiative forcing, the observed history of sea
surface temperature over the central to eastern tropical Pacific
in a climate model.
If there has been only a fairly small
change in ocean heat flux
over the last century and the ratio of global increase
in surface temperature to increase
in forcing is low (as the evidence certainly suggests), then it follows that climate sensitivity is low — perhaps of the order of 1.5 C.
Over the last decade or so, the models have not shown an ability to predict the lack (or very muted)
change in the annual average global
surface temperature trend.
Internal variability can only account for ~ 0.3 °C
change in average global
surface air
temperature at most
over periods of several decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it can not account for more than a small fraction of the global warming
over the past century.
Dessler (2011) used observational data (such as
surface temperature measurements and ARGO ocean
temperature) to estimate and corroborate these values, and found that the heating of the climate system through ocean heat transport was 20 times larger than TOA energy flux
changes due to cloud cover
over the period
in question.
This
change in sea level occurred
in the context of different orbital forcing and with high latitude
surface temperature, averaged
over several thousand years, at least 2 °C warmer than present.
Upper panel:
Changes in global
surface temperature over the period 1900 - 2003 associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)
in the GISTEMP and ERSST datasets.
The climate
in most places has undergone minor
changes over the past 200 years, and the land - based
surface temperature record of the past 100 years exhibits warming trends
in many places.
Longer Title: Do Multidecadal
Changes In The Strength And Frequency Of El Niño and La Niña Events Cause Global Sea
Surface Temperature Anomalies To Rise And Fall
Over Multidecadal Periods?
Pokrovsky predicts a further acceleration of melting of the thin ice and
in general greater ice loss compared to his June prediction; this
change is based on the increase
in the sea
surface temperature (SST) anomalies
in the North Atlantic and the presence of hot air masses
over Siberia and the Russian Arctic.
Since Global SST anomalies respond to
changes in NINO3.4 SST anomalies, this relationship implies that the strengths and frequencies of El Niño and La Niña events
over multidecadal periods cause the multidecadal rises and falls
in global sea
surface temperatures.
The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of the NAO on projected
changes in winter (December - March average) terrestrial
surface air
temperature (SAT) and precipitation (P)
over the next 30 — 50 years.
ENSO - adjusted warming
in the three
surface temperature datasets
over the last 2 — 25 yr continually lies within the 90 % range of all similar - length ENSO - adjusted
temperature changes in these simulations (Fig. 2.8 b).
Even while identifying some of the observed
change in climatic behaviour, such as a 0.4 C increase
in surface temperature over the past century, or about 1 mm per year sea level rise
in Northern Indian Ocean, or wider variation
in rainfall patterns, the document notes that no firm link between the do...
Low clouds are normally closely coupled to the
surface and
over land can be significantly
changed by modifications of
surface temperature or moisture resulting from
changes in land properties.
The pattern of
temperature change through the layers of the atmosphere, with warming near the
surface and cooling higher up
in the stratosphere, further confirms that it is the buildup of heat - trapping gases (also known as «greenhouse gases») that has caused most of the Earth's warming
over the past half century.
The most important bias globally was the modification
in measured sea
surface temperatures associated with the
change from ships throwing a bucket
over the side, bringing some ocean water on deck, and putting a thermometer
in it, to reading the thermometer
in the engine coolant water intake.