Not exact matches
«The study demonstrates a robust century - scale link between
ocean circulation changes in the Atlantic basin and rainfall
in the adjacent continents during the past 4,000 years,» said UTIG Director Terry Quinn, a co-author
on the study.
That wind - driven
circulation change leads to cooler
ocean temperatures
on the surface of the eastern Pacific, and more heat being mixed
in and stored
in the western Pacific down to about 300 meters (984 feet) deep, said England.
On the one hand, a dangerous
change in ocean circulation seemed unlikely
in the next century or two.
Gross says that the most important processes affecting day length are
changes in the weather, especially unusual variations
in the strength and direction of the winds, which bring
on alterations
in the global
circulation of the atmosphere and
ocean.
He believes that no one has thought of combining the two theories before because it's not an intuitive idea to look at how the effects of
changing patterns of
ocean circulation, which occur
on time scales of thousands of years, would effect global silicate weathering, which
in turn controls global climate
on time scales of 100s of thousands of years.
The second theory focuses
on dramatic
changes in the patterns of
ocean circulation.
However, Khazendar and Scheuchl said, researchers need more information
on the shape of the bedrock and seafloor beneath the ice, as well as more data
on ocean circulation and temperatures, to be able to better project how much ice these glaciers will contribute to the
ocean in a
changing climate.
g (acceleration due to gravity) G (gravitational constant) G star G1.9 +0.3 gabbro Gabor, Dennis (1900 — 1979) Gabriel's Horn Gacrux (Gamma Crucis) gadolinium Gagarin, Yuri Alexeyevich (1934 — 1968) Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center GAIA Gaia Hypothesis galactic anticenter galactic bulge galactic center Galactic Club galactic coordinates galactic disk galactic empire galactic equator galactic habitable zone galactic halo galactic magnetic field galactic noise galactic plane galactic rotation galactose Galatea GALAXIES galaxy galaxy cannibalism galaxy classification galaxy formation galaxy interaction galaxy merger Galaxy, The Galaxy satellite series Gale Crater Galen (c. AD 129 — c. 216) galena GALEX (Galaxy Evolution Explorer) Galilean satellites Galilean telescope Galileo (Galilei, Galileo)(1564 — 1642) Galileo (spacecraft) Galileo Europa Mission (GEM) Galileo satellite navigation system gall gall bladder Galle, Johann Gottfried (1812 — 1910) gallic acid gallium gallon gallstone Galois, Évariste (1811 — 1832) Galois theory Galton, Francis (1822 — 1911) Galvani, Luigi (1737 — 1798) galvanizing galvanometer game game theory GAMES AND PUZZLES gamete gametophyte Gamma (Soviet orbiting telescope) Gamma Cassiopeiae Gamma Cassiopeiae star gamma function gamma globulin gamma rays Gamma Velorum gamma - ray burst gamma - ray satellites Gamow, George (1904 — 1968) ganglion gangrene Ganswindt, Hermann (1856 — 1934) Ganymede «garbage theory», of the origin of life Gardner, Martin (1914 — 2010) Garneau, Marc (1949 ---RRB- garnet Garnet Star (Mu Cephei) Garnet Star Nebula (IC 1396) garnierite Garriott, Owen K. (1930 ---RRB- Garuda gas gas chromatography gas constant gas giant gas laws gas - bounded nebula gaseous nebula gaseous propellant gaseous - propellant rocket engine gasoline Gaspra (minor planet 951) Gassendi, Pierre (1592 — 1655) gastric juice gastrin gastrocnemius gastroenteritis gastrointestinal tract gastropod gastrulation Gatewood, George D. (1940 ---RRB- Gauer - Henry reflex gauge boson gauge theory gauss (unit) Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777 — 1855) Gaussian distribution Gay - Lussac, Joseph Louis (1778 — 1850) GCOM (Global
Change Observing Mission) Geber (c. 720 — 815) gegenschein Geiger, Hans Wilhelm (1882 — 1945) Geiger - Müller counter Giessler tube gel gelatin Gelfond's theorem Gell - Mann, Murray (1929 ---RRB- GEM «gemination,» of martian canals Geminga Gemini (constellation) Gemini Observatory Gemini Project Gemini - Titan II gemstone gene gene expression gene mapping gene pool gene therapy gene transfer General Catalogue of Variable Stars (GCVS) general precession general theory of relativity generation ship generator Genesis (inflatable orbiting module) Genesis (sample return probe) genetic code genetic counseling genetic disorder genetic drift genetic engineering genetic marker genetic material genetic pool genetic recombination genetics GENETICS AND HEREDITY Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Program genome genome, interstellar transmission of genotype gentian violet genus geoboard geode geodesic geodesy geodesy satellites geodetic precession Geographos (minor planet 1620) geography GEOGRAPHY Geo - IK geologic time geology GEOLOGY AND PLANETARY SCIENCE geomagnetic field geomagnetic storm geometric mean geometric sequence geometry GEOMETRY geometry puzzles geophysics GEOS (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) Geosat geostationary orbit geosynchronous orbit geosynchronous / geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) geosyncline Geotail (satellite) geotropism germ germ cells Germain, Sophie (1776 — 1831) German Rocket Society germanium germination Gesner, Konrad von (1516 — 1565) gestation Get Off the Earth puzzle Gettier problem geyser g - force GFO (Geosat Follow -
On) GFZ - 1 (GeoForschungsZentrum) ghost crater Ghost Head Nebula (NGC 2080) ghost image Ghost of Jupiter (NGC 3242) Giacconi, Riccardo (1931 ---RRB- Giacobini - Zinner, Comet (Comet 21P /) Giaever, Ivar (1929 ---RRB- giant branch Giant Magellan Telescope giant molecular cloud giant planet giant star Giant's Causeway Giauque, William Francis (1895 — 1982) gibberellins Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839 — 1903) Gibbs free energy Gibson, Edward G. (1936 ---RRB- Gilbert, William (1544 — 1603) gilbert (unit) Gilbreath's conjecture gilding gill gill (unit) Gilruth, Robert R. (1913 — 2000) gilsonite gimbal Ginga ginkgo Giotto (ESA Halley probe) GIRD (Gruppa Isutcheniya Reaktivnovo Dvisheniya) girder glacial drift glacial groove glacier gland Glaser, Donald Arthur (1926 — 2013) Glashow, Sheldon (1932 ---RRB- glass GLAST (Gamma - ray Large Area Space Telescope) Glauber, Johann Rudolf (1607 — 1670) glaucoma glauconite Glenn, John Herschel, Jr. (1921 ---RRB- Glenn Research Center Glennan, T (homas) Keith (1905 — 1995) glenoid cavity glia glial cell glider Gliese 229B Gliese 581 Gliese 67 (HD 10307, HIP 7918) Gliese 710 (HD 168442, HIP 89825) Gliese 86 Gliese 876 Gliese Catalogue glioma glissette glitch Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics (GAIA) Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) Globalstar globe Globigerina globular cluster globular proteins globule globulin globus pallidus GLOMR (Global Low Orbiting Message Relay) GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System) glossopharyngeal nerve Gloster E. 28/39 glottis glow - worm glucagon glucocorticoid glucose glucoside gluon Glushko, Valentin Petrovitch (1908 — 1989) glutamic acid glutamine gluten gluteus maximus glycerol glycine glycogen glycol glycolysis glycoprotein glycosidic bond glycosuria glyoxysome GMS (Geosynchronous Meteorological Satellite) GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) Gnathostomata gneiss Go Go, No - go goblet cell GOCE (Gravity field and steady - state
Ocean Circulation Explorer) God Goddard, Robert Hutchings (1882 — 1945) Goddard Institute for Space Studies Goddard Space Flight Center Gödel, Kurt (1906 — 1978) Gödel universe Godwin, Francis (1562 — 1633) GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) goethite goiter gold Gold, Thomas (1920 — 2004) Goldbach conjecture golden ratio (phi) Goldin, Daniel Saul (1940 ---RRB- gold - leaf electroscope Goldstone Tracking Facility Golgi, Camillo (1844 — 1926) Golgi apparatus Golomb, Solomon W. (1932 — 2016) golygon GOMS (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite) gonad gonadotrophin - releasing hormone gonadotrophins Gondwanaland Gonets goniatite goniometer gonorrhea Goodricke, John (1764 — 1786) googol Gordian Knot Gordon, Richard Francis, Jr. (1929 — 2017) Gore, John Ellard (1845 — 1910) gorge gorilla Gorizont Gott loop Goudsmit, Samuel Abraham (1902 — 1978) Gould, Benjamin Apthorp (1824 — 1896) Gould, Stephen Jay (1941 — 2002) Gould Belt gout governor GPS (Global Positioning System) Graaf, Regnier de (1641 — 1673) Graafian follicle GRAB graben GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) graceful graph gradient Graham, Ronald (1935 ---RRB- Graham, Thomas (1805 — 1869) Graham's law of diffusion Graham's number GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory) grain (cereal) grain (unit) gram gram - atom Gramme, Zénobe Théophile (1826 — 1901) gramophone Gram's stain Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) Granat Grand Tour grand unified theory (GUT) Grandfather Paradox Granit, Ragnar Arthur (1900 — 1991) granite granulation granule granulocyte graph graph theory graphene graphite GRAPHS AND GRAPH THEORY graptolite grass grassland gravel graveyard orbit gravimeter gravimetric analysis Gravitational Biology Facility gravitational collapse gravitational constant (G) gravitational instability gravitational lens gravitational life gravitational lock gravitational microlensing GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS gravitational slingshot effect gravitational waves graviton gravity gravity gradient gravity gradient stabilization Gravity Probe A Gravity Probe B gravity - assist gray (Gy) gray goo gray matter grazing - incidence telescope Great Annihilator Great Attractor great circle Great Comets Great Hercules Cluster (M13, NGC 6205) Great Monad Great Observatories Great Red Spot Great Rift (in Milky Way) Great Rift Valley Great Square of Pegasus Great Wall greater omentum greatest elongation Green, George (1793 — 1841) Green, Nathaniel E. Green, Thomas Hill (1836 — 1882) green algae Green Bank Green Bank conference (1961) Green Bank Telescope green flash greenhouse effect greenhouse gases Green's theorem Greg, Percy (1836 — 1889) Gregorian calendar Grelling's paradox Griffith, George (1857 — 1906) Griffith Observatory Grignard, François Auguste Victor (1871 — 1935) Grignard reagent grike Grimaldi, Francesco Maria (1618 — 1663) Grissom, Virgil (1926 — 1967) grit gritstone Groom Lake Groombridge 34 Groombridge Catalogue gross ground, electrical ground state ground - track group group theory GROUPS AND GROUP THEORY growing season growth growth hormone growth hormone - releasing hormone growth plate Grudge, Project Gruithuisen, Franz von Paula (1774 — 1852) Grus (constellation) Grus Quartet (NGC 7552, NGC 7582, NGC 7590, and NGC 7599) GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) g - suit G - type asteroid Guericke, Otto von (1602 — 1686) guanine Guiana Space Centre guidance, inertial Guide Star Catalog (GSC) guided missile guided missiles, postwar development Guillaume, Charles Édouard (1861 — 1938) Gulf Stream (ocean current) Gulfstream (jet plane) Gullstrand, Allvar (1862 — 1930) gum Gum Nebula gun metal gunpowder Gurwin Gusev Crater gut Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400 — 1468) Guy, Richard Kenneth (1916 ---RRB- guyot Guzman Prize gymnosperm gynecology gynoecium gypsum gyrocompass gyrofrequency gyropilot gyroscope gyrostabilizer Gyulbudagian's Nebula (H
Ocean Circulation Explorer) God Goddard, Robert Hutchings (1882 — 1945) Goddard Institute for Space Studies Goddard Space Flight Center Gödel, Kurt (1906 — 1978) Gödel universe Godwin, Francis (1562 — 1633) GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) goethite goiter gold Gold, Thomas (1920 — 2004) Goldbach conjecture golden ratio (phi) Goldin, Daniel Saul (1940 ---RRB- gold - leaf electroscope Goldstone Tracking Facility Golgi, Camillo (1844 — 1926) Golgi apparatus Golomb, Solomon W. (1932 — 2016) golygon GOMS (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite) gonad gonadotrophin - releasing hormone gonadotrophins Gondwanaland Gonets goniatite goniometer gonorrhea Goodricke, John (1764 — 1786) googol Gordian Knot Gordon, Richard Francis, Jr. (1929 — 2017) Gore, John Ellard (1845 — 1910) gorge gorilla Gorizont Gott loop Goudsmit, Samuel Abraham (1902 — 1978) Gould, Benjamin Apthorp (1824 — 1896) Gould, Stephen Jay (1941 — 2002) Gould Belt gout governor GPS (Global Positioning System) Graaf, Regnier de (1641 — 1673) Graafian follicle GRAB graben GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) graceful graph gradient Graham, Ronald (1935 ---RRB- Graham, Thomas (1805 — 1869) Graham's law of diffusion Graham's number GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory) grain (cereal) grain (unit) gram gram - atom Gramme, Zénobe Théophile (1826 — 1901) gramophone Gram's stain Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) Granat Grand Tour grand unified theory (GUT) Grandfather Paradox Granit, Ragnar Arthur (1900 — 1991) granite granulation granule granulocyte graph graph theory graphene graphite GRAPHS AND GRAPH THEORY graptolite grass grassland gravel graveyard orbit gravimeter gravimetric analysis Gravitational Biology Facility gravitational collapse gravitational constant (G) gravitational instability gravitational lens gravitational life gravitational lock gravitational microlensing GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS gravitational slingshot effect gravitational waves graviton gravity gravity gradient gravity gradient stabilization Gravity Probe A Gravity Probe B gravity - assist gray (Gy) gray goo gray matter grazing - incidence telescope Great Annihilator Great Attractor great circle Great Comets Great Hercules Cluster (M13, NGC 6205) Great Monad Great Observatories Great Red Spot Great Rift (
in Milky Way) Great Rift Valley Great Square of Pegasus Great Wall greater omentum greatest elongation Green, George (1793 — 1841) Green, Nathaniel E. Green, Thomas Hill (1836 — 1882) green algae Green Bank Green Bank conference (1961) Green Bank Telescope green flash greenhouse effect greenhouse gases Green's theorem Greg, Percy (1836 — 1889) Gregorian calendar Grelling's paradox Griffith, George (1857 — 1906) Griffith Observatory Grignard, François Auguste Victor (1871 — 1935) Grignard reagent grike Grimaldi, Francesco Maria (1618 — 1663) Grissom, Virgil (1926 — 1967) grit gritstone Groom Lake Groombridge 34 Groombridge Catalogue gross ground, electrical ground state ground - track group group theory GROUPS AND GROUP THEORY growing season growth growth hormone growth hormone - releasing hormone growth plate Grudge, Project Gruithuisen, Franz von Paula (1774 — 1852) Grus (constellation) Grus Quartet (NGC 7552, NGC 7582, NGC 7590, and NGC 7599) GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) g - suit G - type asteroid Guericke, Otto von (1602 — 1686) guanine Guiana Space Centre guidance, inertial Guide Star Catalog (GSC) guided missile guided missiles, postwar development Guillaume, Charles Édouard (1861 — 1938) Gulf Stream (
ocean current) Gulfstream (jet plane) Gullstrand, Allvar (1862 — 1930) gum Gum Nebula gun metal gunpowder Gurwin Gusev Crater gut Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400 — 1468) Guy, Richard Kenneth (1916 ---RRB- guyot Guzman Prize gymnosperm gynecology gynoecium gypsum gyrocompass gyrofrequency gyropilot gyroscope gyrostabilizer Gyulbudagian's Nebula (H
ocean current) Gulfstream (jet plane) Gullstrand, Allvar (1862 — 1930) gum Gum Nebula gun metal gunpowder Gurwin Gusev Crater gut Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400 — 1468) Guy, Richard Kenneth (1916 ---RRB- guyot Guzman Prize gymnosperm gynecology gynoecium gypsum gyrocompass gyrofrequency gyropilot gyroscope gyrostabilizer Gyulbudagian's Nebula (HH215)
The 8.2 kyr event qualifies as an abrupt
change by almost any definition (except that adopted by the NRC panel
on the subject curiously) and was most likely tied to the catastrophic final draining of paleo - lake Agassiz and subsequent
changes in the North Atlantic
ocean circulation (see a summary of some of our recent research
on the topic).
The Past and Future
Ocean Circulation from a Contemporary Perspective,
in AGU Monograph, 173, A. Schmittner, J. Chiang and S. Hemming, Eds., 53 - 74, (pdf)» Wunsch's publications page is great food - for - thought, I particularly enjoyed his papers
on Ice Age
changes and the Milankovitch cycles.
Climate scientists would say
in response that
changes in ocean circulation can't sustain a net
change in global temperature over such a long period (ENSO for example might raise or lower global temperature
on a timescale of one or two years, but over decades there would be roughly zero net
change).
This could be do to
changes in ocean circulation, and warming waters reaching the grounding lines for ice shelves
in Arctic and Antarctica, leading to non-linear increase
in melting and sea level rise, impossible to avoid
on our current path.
«Modern data
on ocean circulation changes in AMOC - Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, and SMOC - Southern MOC ar
circulation changes in AMOC - Atlantic Meridional Overturning
Circulation, and SMOC - Southern MOC ar
Circulation, and SMOC - Southern MOC are examined.
eg «These studies provide new insights
on the sensitivity and response of meridional
ocean circulation to melt water inputs to the North Atlantic high latitudes (e.g., Bamberg et al., 2010; Irvali et al., 2012; Morley et al., 2011) and their potential role
in amplifying small radiative variations into large a climate response through dynamic
changes in ocean - atmosphere interactions (e.g., Morely et al., 2011; Irvali et al., 2012; Morley et al., 2014).
~ Our study confirms many
changes seen
in upper Arctic
Ocean circulation in the 1990s were mostly decadal
in nature, rather than trends caused by global warming,» / / www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2007-131 [ANDY REVKIN comments: That's precisely what I wrote
in the Science Times feature
on Arctic ice
in September (link is
in the post).
Changes in the Arctic affect the rest of the world, not only
in obvious ways (such as the Arctic's contribution to sea - level rise), but through the Arctic's role
in the global climate system, its influence
on ocean circulation, and its impacts
on mid-latitude weather.
I'm still inclined to think that subtle
changes in ocean circulation patterns, with resulting local effects
on climate, are more likley to be responsible.
The 8.2 kyr event qualifies as an abrupt
change by almost any definition (except that adopted by the NRC panel
on the subject curiously) and was most likely tied to the catastrophic final draining of paleo - lake Agassiz and subsequent
changes in the North Atlantic
ocean circulation (see a summary of some of our recent research
on the topic).
On the other hand, the AMO hypothesis asserts that natural
changes in the deep water
circulation of the Atlantic
Ocean drive hurricane season SST resulting
in changes to both hurricane activity and GT.
In the ocean, we need to consider better the controls on thermohaline circulation, on potential changes in biological productivity, and on the overall stability of the ocean circulation syste
In the
ocean, we need to consider better the controls
on thermohaline
circulation,
on potential
changes in biological productivity, and on the overall stability of the ocean circulation syste
in biological productivity, and
on the overall stability of the
ocean circulation system.
The effects of ice melt
on ocean circulation were not included
in the latest assessment by the United Nations» Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate
Change (IPCC), meaning Hansen's predictions would occur much earlier and be less gradual than envisioned
in the consensus reports of the IPCC.
The interaction of
ocean circulation, which serves as a type of heat pump, and biological effects such as the concentration of carbon dioxide can result
in global climate
changes on a time scale of decades.
Sequestration rates,
on the other hand,
changing the total of CO2
in the atmosphere, and hence the ppm concentration, has another timeframe entirely (regulated primarily by
ocean circulation exposing water that can absorb CO2), which you seem strangely unaware of.
I was based
in the Meteorology Department, but my work focused
on understanding the large - scale
circulation of the
ocean and how it responds to
change.
«The authors write that «the notorious tropical bias problem
in climate simulations of global coupled general
circulation models manifests itself particularly strongly in the tropical Atlantic,»... they state that «the climate bias problem is still so severe that one of the most basic features of the equatorial Atlantic Ocean — the eastward shoaling thermocline — can not be reproduced by most of the IPCC assessment report models,... as they describe it, «show that the bias in the eastern equatorial Atlantic has a major effect on sea - surface temperature (SST) response to a rapid change in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AM
circulation models manifests itself particularly strongly
in the tropical Atlantic,»... they state that «the climate bias problem is still so severe that one of the most basic features of the equatorial Atlantic
Ocean — the eastward shoaling thermocline — can not be reproduced by most of the IPCC assessment report models,... as they describe it, «show that the bias
in the eastern equatorial Atlantic has a major effect
on sea - surface temperature (SST) response to a rapid
change in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning
Circulation (AM
Circulation (AMOC).»
«
In 2007 a team of NASA and university scientists has detected an ongoing reversal in Arctic Ocean circulation triggered by atmospheric circulation changes that vary on decade - long time scale
In 2007 a team of NASA and university scientists has detected an ongoing reversal
in Arctic Ocean circulation triggered by atmospheric circulation changes that vary on decade - long time scale
in Arctic
Ocean circulation triggered by atmospheric
circulation changes that vary
on decade - long time scales.
The Quaternary glacial history of the Arctic
Ocean is characterized by the repeated build - up and decay of circum - Arctic ice sheets on the continental shelves, the development and disintegration of ice shelves, and related changes in ocean - circulation patterns and sea ice cover50, 51,52,53,5
Ocean is characterized by the repeated build - up and decay of circum - Arctic ice sheets
on the continental shelves, the development and disintegration of ice shelves, and related
changes in ocean - circulation patterns and sea ice cover50, 51,52,53,5
ocean -
circulation patterns and sea ice cover50, 51,52,53,54,55.
«The authors write that North Pacific Decadal Variability (NPDV) «is a key component
in predictability studies of both regional and global climate
change,»... they emphasize that given the links between both the PDO and the NPGO with global climate, the accurate characterization and the degree of predictability of these two modes
in coupled climate models is an important «open question
in climate dynamics» that needs to be addressed... report that model - derived «temporal and spatial statistics of the North Pacific
Ocean modes exhibit significant discrepancies from observations
in their twentieth - century climate... conclude that «for implications
on future climate
change, the coupled climate models show no consensus
on projected future
changes in frequency of either the first or second leading pattern of North Pacific SST anomalies,» and they say that «the lack of a consensus
in changes in either mode also affects confidence
in projected
changes in the overlying atmospheric
circulation.»»
That would
change the air
circulation patterns resulting
in the observed wind effect
on the
ocean surfaces but would itself have been caused by
changes in the rate of release or absorption of energy from the
ocean surfaces.
The impact of
changes in the
ocean overturning
circulation on climate has become a hot topic today as global temperatures rise and melting sea ice and glaciers add freshwater to the North Atlantic.
Between its Second and Third Assessment Reports, the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate
Change elaborated long - term greenhouse gas emissions scenarios, in part to drive global ocean - atmosphere general circulation models, and ultimately to assess the urgency of action to prevent the risk of climatic c
Change elaborated long - term greenhouse gas emissions scenarios,
in part to drive global
ocean - atmosphere general
circulation models, and ultimately to assess the urgency of action to prevent the risk of climatic
changechange.
The study,
in addition to being even more terrifying than last summer's draft, may act to motivate increased urgency for scientific research
in Greenland and Antarctica, especially their effects
on ocean circulation — as well as increased attention to the possibility of truly dire near - term global
change.
«Greenland ice takes
on a new role
in the climate
change story, not just indicating
change and contributing to sea level rise, but possibly playing an important role
in destabilizing regional if not global
ocean circulation that naturally exchanges heat north - south,» said Jason Box of the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, and a study co-author,
in an email to Mashable.
It is seen
in regime
changes in cloud, ice,
ocean and atmospheric
circulation, hydrology and biology that are evident
in climate records and that are best described as shifts
in state space
on the multi-dimensional climate strange attractor at 20 to 30 year intervals.
CAS = Commission for Atmospheric Sciences CMDP = Climate Metrics and Diagnostic Panel CMIP = Coupled Model Intercomparison Project DAOS = Working Group
on Data Assimilation and Observing Systems GASS = Global Atmospheric System Studies panel GEWEX = Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment GLASS = Global Land - Atmosphere System Studies panel GOV = Global
Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE)
Ocean View JWGFVR = Joint Working Group
on Forecast Verification Research MJO - TF = Madden - Julian Oscillation Task Force PDEF = Working Group
on Predictability, Dynamics and Ensemble Forecasting PPP = Polar Prediction Project QPF = Quantitative precipitation forecast S2S = Subseasonal to Seasonal Prediction Project SPARC = Stratospheric Processes and their Role
in Climate TC = Tropical cyclone WCRP = World Climate Research Programme WCRP Grand Science Challenges • Climate Extremes • Clouds,
Circulation and Climate Sensitivity • Melting Ice and Global Consequences • Regional Sea - Ice
Change and Coastal Impacts • Water Availability WCRP JSC = Joint Scientific Committee WGCM = Working Group
on Coupled Modelling WGSIP = Working Group
on Subseasonal to Interdecadal Prediction WWRP = World Weather Research Programme YOPP = Year of Polar Prediction
The most natural type of long term variability is
in my view based
on slowly varying
changes in ocean circulation, which doesn't necessarily involve major transfer of heat from one place to another but influences cloudiness and other large scale weather patterns and through that the net energy flux of the Earth system.
«-- A team of NASA and university scientists has detected an ongoing reversal
in Arctic
Ocean circulation triggered by atmospheric
circulation changes that vary
on decade - long time scales.
States that other feedbacks likely to emerge are those
in which key processes include surface fluxes of trace gases,
changes in the distribution of vegetation,
changes in surface soil moisture,
changes in atmospheric water vapor arising from higher temperatures and greater areas of open
ocean, impacts of Arctic freshwater fluxes
on the meridional overturning
circulation of the
ocean, and
changes in Arctic clouds resulting from
changes in water vapor content
A
change in ocean heat content can also alter patterns of
ocean circulation, which can have far - reaching effects
on global climate conditions, including
changes to the outcome and pattern of meteorological events such as tropical storms, and also temperatures
in the northern Atlantic region, which are strongly influenced by currents that may be substantially reduced with CO2 increase
in the atmosphere.
By 2006 some models still found that
changes in the
ocean circulation «are able to produce abrupt climate
changes on decadal to centennial time scales,» Randall et al. (2007), p. 641.
explore
changes in ocean circulation caused by the growth of extensive fast ice and its impact
on life
in Commonwealth Bay
However, it remains a major scientific challenge to model and project the
changes of the magnitude and intensity of subsurface oxygen depletion because it depends
on changes in ocean circulation, rates of de-nitrification, and nutrient runoff from land, and because global data coverage for chemical and biological parameters remains poor.
Although we focus
on a hypothesized CR - cloud connection, we note that it is difficult to separate
changes in the CR flux from accompanying variations
in solar irradiance and the solar wind, for which numerous causal links to climate have also been proposed, including: the influence of UV spectral irradiance
on stratospheric heating and dynamic stratosphere - troposphere links (Haigh 1996); UV irradiance and radiative damage to phytoplankton influencing the release of volatile precursor compounds which form sulphate aerosols over
ocean environments (Kniveton et al. 2003); an amplification of total solar irradiance (TSI) variations by the addition of energy
in cloud - free regions enhancing tropospheric
circulation features (Meehl et al. 2008; Roy & Haigh 2010); numerous solar - related influences (including solar wind inputs) to the properties of the global electric circuit (GEC) and associated microphysical cloud
changes (Tinsley 2008).
By the way, we also did a paper
on millennial - scale solar geoengineering (Cao et al, 2016) showing that,
in at least one climate model, solar geoengineering behaves quite well
on the 1000 - year time scale with no substantial long term growth
in climate
change as
ocean circulation and such adjusts to the new conditions.
And as the for the reason for this year's Arctic ice melt, NASA and university scientists have detected an ongoing reversal
in Arctic
Ocean circulation triggered by atmospheric
circulation changes that varies
on decade - long time scales.
These results also increase our overall understanding of glacial − interglacial cycles by putting further constraints
on the timing and strength of other processes involved
in these cycles, like
changes in sea ice and ice sheet extents or
changes in ocean circulation and deep water formation.
Climate scientists would say
in response that
changes in ocean circulation can't sustain a net
change in global temperature over such a long period (ENSO for example might raise or lower global temperature
on a timescale of one or two years, but over decades there would be roughly zero net
change).
Identify the impacts of a
changing climate
on sea ice loss; sea ice loss
on patterns of atmospheric
circulation and precipitation; oceanic
circulation both within and beyond the Arctic, including the meridional overturning
circulation in the Atlantic
Ocean; and weather patterns
in middle latitudes.
While
on first thought this might seem undesirable because we are looking for a global number, it might make sense to separate them due to the large difference
in land /
ocean ratio and the fact that atmospheric
circulation patterns isolate them WRT shorter term
changes.
9.3.1 Global Mean Response 9.3.1.1 1 % / yr CO2 increase (CMIP2) experiments 9.3.1.2 Projections of future climate from forcing scenario experiments (IS92a) 9.3.1.3 Marker scenario experiments (SRES) 9.3.2 Patterns of Future Climate
Change 9.3.2.1 Summary 9.3.3 Range of Temperature Response to SRES Emission Scenarios 9.3.3.1 Implications for temperature of stabilisation of greenhouse gases 9.3.4 Factors that Contribute to the Response 9.3.4.1 Climate sensitivity 9.3.4.2 The role of climate sensitivity and
ocean heat uptake 9.3.4.3 Thermohaline
circulation changes 9.3.4.4 Time - scales of response 9.3.5 Changes in Variability 9.3.5.1 Intra-seasonal variability 9.3.5.2 Interannual variability 9.3.5.3 Decadal and longer time - scale variability 9.3.5.4 Summary 9.3.6 Changes of Extreme Events 9.3.6.1 Temperature 9.3.6.2 Precipitation and convection 9.3.6.3 Extra-tropical storms 9.3.6.4 Tropical cyclones 9.3.6.5 Commentary on changes in extremes of weather and climate 9.3.6.6 Conc
changes 9.3.4.4 Time - scales of response 9.3.5
Changes in Variability 9.3.5.1 Intra-seasonal variability 9.3.5.2 Interannual variability 9.3.5.3 Decadal and longer time - scale variability 9.3.5.4 Summary 9.3.6 Changes of Extreme Events 9.3.6.1 Temperature 9.3.6.2 Precipitation and convection 9.3.6.3 Extra-tropical storms 9.3.6.4 Tropical cyclones 9.3.6.5 Commentary on changes in extremes of weather and climate 9.3.6.6 Conc
Changes in Variability 9.3.5.1 Intra-seasonal variability 9.3.5.2 Interannual variability 9.3.5.3 Decadal and longer time - scale variability 9.3.5.4 Summary 9.3.6
Changes of Extreme Events 9.3.6.1 Temperature 9.3.6.2 Precipitation and convection 9.3.6.3 Extra-tropical storms 9.3.6.4 Tropical cyclones 9.3.6.5 Commentary on changes in extremes of weather and climate 9.3.6.6 Conc
Changes of Extreme Events 9.3.6.1 Temperature 9.3.6.2 Precipitation and convection 9.3.6.3 Extra-tropical storms 9.3.6.4 Tropical cyclones 9.3.6.5 Commentary
on changes in extremes of weather and climate 9.3.6.6 Conc
changes in extremes of weather and climate 9.3.6.6 Conclusions