The data, in the form of infrared images of the Earth's surface, is used to detect
changes in sea surface temperatures for research -LSB-...]
Not exact matches
So while it may take decades
for warming at the
sea surface to
change deep -
sea temperatures, alterations
in wind - driven events may have more immediate effects.
The results suggest that the impact of
sea ice seems critical
for the Arctic
surface temperature changes, but the
temperature trend elsewhere seems rather due mainly to
changes in ocean
surface temperatures and atmospheric variability.
Kevin Trenbeth, a climate scientist at the National Center
for Atmospheric Research
in Boulder, Colo., said the study didn't account
for changes in sea surface temperatures, which are the main drivers of
changes in the position of the rain belts (as is seen during an El Nino event, when Pacific warming pushes the subtropical jet over the Western U.S. southward).
For example, tides, winds and
sea surface temperature could disrupt their migration habits, and ocean color — referring to the water's chemical and particle content — could reflect
changes in the food chain.
Here, we report on local and global
changes in MHW characteristics over time as recorded by satellite and
in situ measurements of
sea surface temperature (SST) and defined using a quantitative MHW framework, which allows
for comparisons across regions and events1.
Scientists use a large drill to remove parts of the coral to analyse
for information about
changes in rainfall and
sea surface temperature.
They wrote that their comparisons of
sea - level pressures,
sea -
surface temperatures and land - based air
temperatures provided «consistent evidence
for strong» regulation of
temperatures by
changes in ocean cycles «from monthly to century time scales.»
For significant periods of time, the reconstructed large - scale
changes in the North Pacific SLP field described here and by construction the long - term decline
in Hawaiian winter rainfall are broadly consistent with long - term
changes in tropical Pacific
sea surface temperature (SST) based on ENSO reconstructions documented
in several other studies, particularly over the last two centuries.
Past summer, extratropical
temperature changes appear,
for example, to have have differed significantly from annual
temperature changes over the entire (tropical and extratropical) Northern Hemisphere, and tropical Pacific
Sea Surface Temperatures appear to have varied oppositely with temperatures in the extratropical regions o
Temperatures appear to have varied oppositely with
temperatures in the extratropical regions o
temperatures in the extratropical regions of the globe.
It is widely realized that WWii saw
changes in the construction of sampling buckets
for sea surface temperature measurement, and many navies switching to water intake
temperatures in compiling data from ships at
sea.
For the «business - as - usual» scenario RCP8.5, the model - mean changes in 2090s (compared to 1990s) for sea surface temperature, sea surface pH, global O2 content and integrated primary productivity amount to +2.73 °C, − 0.33 pH unit, − 3.45 % and − 8.6 %, respective
For the «business - as - usual» scenario RCP8.5, the model - mean
changes in 2090s (compared to 1990s)
for sea surface temperature, sea surface pH, global O2 content and integrated primary productivity amount to +2.73 °C, − 0.33 pH unit, − 3.45 % and − 8.6 %, respective
for sea surface temperature,
sea surface pH, global O2 content and integrated primary productivity amount to +2.73 °C, − 0.33 pH unit, − 3.45 % and − 8.6 %, respectively.
Until you can all agree on whether
changes in soil moisture are due to lower solar, or due to higher CO2, use solely
sea surface temperatures for global mean
surface T
change.
As a result, directly comparing the
Sea Surface Temperature data from the early 20th century to the current
Sea Surface Temperature data is like «comparing apples and oranges» — there have been too many
changes in the data sources
for such comparisons to have much meaning.
Sea surface temperature (SST) measured from Earth Observation Satellites
in considerable spatial detail and at high frequency, is increasingly required
for use
in the context of operational monitoring and forecasting of the ocean,
for assimilation into coupled ocean - atmosphere model systems and
for applications
in short - term numerical weather prediction and longer term climate
change detection.
For the ENSO indicators that use an updating baseline by which to compute
sea surface temperature anomalies, it would be tough to see
changes one way or the other (at least
in the indicator).
For example, let's say that evidence convinced me (
in a way that I wasn't convinced previously) that all recent
changes in land
surface temperatures and
sea surface temperatures and atmospheric
temperatures and deep
sea temperatures and
sea ice extent and
sea ice volume and
sea ice density and moisture content
in the air and cloud coverage and rainfall and measures of extreme weather were all directly tied to internal natural variability, and that I can now see that as the result of a statistical modeling of the trends as associated with natural phenomena.
Many variables — rainfall,
sea surface temperature, fisheries, cyclone frequency — all are observed
in empirical evidence — hard data — to
change abruptly and
for lessor or longer periods.
Combine the satellite trend with the
surface observations and the umpteen non-
temperature based records that reflect
temperature change (from glaciers to phenology to lake freeze dates to snow - cover extent
in spring & fall to
sea level rise to stratospheric temps) and the evidence
for recent gradual warming is, well, unequivocal.
Here we show that accounting
for recent cooling
in the eastern equatorial Pacific reconciles climate simulations and observations.We present a novel method of uncovering mechanisms
for global
temperature change by prescribing,
in addition to radiative forcing, the observed history of
sea surface temperature over the central to eastern tropical Pacific
in a climate model.
How hurricanes develop also depends on how the local atmosphere responds to
changes in local
sea surface temperatures, and this atmospheric response depends critically on the cause of the
change.23, 24
For example, the atmosphere responds differently when local
sea surface temperatures increase due to a local decrease of particulate pollution that allows more sunlight through to warm the ocean, versus when
sea surface temperatures increase more uniformly around the world due to increased amounts of human - caused heat - trapping gases.25, 26,27,28
Type 3 downscaling is applied,
for example,
for seasonal forecasts where slowly
changing anomalies
in the
surface forcing (such as
sea surface temperature) provide real - world information to constrain the downscaling results.
They wrote that their comparisons of
sea - level pressures,
sea -
surface temperatures and land - based air
temperatures provided «consistent evidence
for strong» regulation of
temperatures by
changes in ocean cycles «from monthly to century time scales.»
Importantly, the
changes in cereal yield projected
for the 2020s and 2080s are driven by GHG - induced climate
change and likely do not fully capture interannual precipitation variability which can result
in large yield reductions during dry periods, as the IPCC (Christensen et al., 2007) states: ``... there is less confidence
in the ability of the AOGCMs (atmosphere - ocean general circulation models) to generate interannual variability
in the SSTs (
sea surface temperatures) of the type known to affect African rainfall, as evidenced by the fact that very few AOGCMs produce droughts comparable
in magnitude to the Sahel droughts of the 1970s and 1980s.»
The slab ocean model is a computationally efficient scheme that allows
sea surface temperatures to interact with the atmosphere; and is necessary
for propagating energy imbalances due to land cover
change that lead to shifts
in precipitation.
Because the GISS analysis combines available
sea surface temperature records with meteorological station measurements, we test alternative choices
for the ocean data, showing that global
temperature change is sensitive to estimated
temperature change in polar regions where observations are limited.
280 Though I can not find any literature on equatorial warming triggering reorganization
for the D - O events, there are reports,
for the glacial - interglacial transition, that Pacific
sea surface temperatures warmed 3,000 years before
changes in ice volumes.
Normally you can run GCM
for centuries with a stable realistic
surface temperature, but take the CO2 out, and
in 5 - 10 years it has dropped 30 C
in global average
temperature and is half - covered
in sea ice due to a powerful water vapor feedback
in response to any global
temperature change.
How hurricanes develop also depends on how the local atmosphere responds to
changes in local
sea surface temperatures, and this atmospheric response depends critically on the cause of the
change.23, 24
For example, the atmosphere responds differently when local
sea surface temperatures increase due to a local decrease of particulate pollution that allows more sunlight through to warm the ocean, versus when
sea surface temperatures increase more uniformly around the world due to increased amounts of human - caused heat - trapping gases.18, 25,26,27 So the link between hurricanes and ocean
temperatures is complex.
Observed
changes in (a) global average
surface temperature; (b) global average
sea level rise from tide gauge (blue) and satellite (red) data and (c) Northern Hemisphere snow cover
for March - April.
Ocean acidification, rising ocean
temperatures, declining
sea ice, and other environmental
changes interact to affect the location and abundance of marine fish, including those that are commercially important, those used as food by other species, and those used
for subsistence.16, 17,18,122,19,20,21 These
changes have allowed some near -
surface fish species such as salmon to expand their ranges northward along the Alaskan coast.124, 125,126
In addition, non-native species are invading Alaskan waters more rapidly, primarily through ships releasing ballast waters and bringing southerly species to Alaska.5, 127 These species introductions could affect marine ecosystems, including the feeding relationships of fish important to commercial and subsistence fisheries.
Multi-model mean
changes in surface air
temperature (°C, left), precipitation (mm day — 1, middle) and
sea level pressure (hPa, right)
for boreal winter (DJF, top) and summer (JJA, bottom).
What he does not do, and should have done is plotted the
change in the effect over time against some emperical measure of either
temperature or
surface heat content (either OHC directly
for when we have the data, or glacial extents, or
sea levels).
the
sea surface temperature hasn't
changed in over 140 years), or is it the net energy released by the ENSO cycle has balanced out to zero (
in which case how was that net energy release calculated
for the first part of the record)?
Regional circulation patterns have significantly
changed in recent years.2
For example,
changes in the Arctic Oscillation can not be explained by natural variation and it has been suggested that they are broadly consistent with the expected influence of human - induced climate
change.3 The signature of global warming has also been identified
in recent
changes in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, a pattern of variability
in sea surface temperatures in the northern Pacific Ocean.4
Since the scaling factor used is based purely on simulations by CMIP5 models, rather than on observations, the estimate is only valid if those simulations realistically reproduce the spatiotemporal pattern of actual warming
for both SST and near -
surface air
temperature (tas), and
changes in sea - ice cover.
This accounts
for a
change in bias that arose from
changing the source of
sea -
surface temperature analysis.»
In Australia's Great Barrier Reef (GBF), the 1998 El Nino induced above average sea surface temperatures and salinity changes for 2 months triggering massive coral losses in the reef's upper 20 meter
In Australia's Great Barrier Reef (GBF), the 1998 El Nino induced above average
sea surface temperatures and salinity
changes for 2 months triggering massive coral losses
in the reef's upper 20 meter
in the reef's upper 20 meters.
In it, they documented how a change in observing practices before and after World War II produced a cold bias in the sea surface temperatures that were incorporated into the compilations of global average temperatures (see here and here for more details
In it, they documented how a
change in observing practices before and after World War II produced a cold bias in the sea surface temperatures that were incorporated into the compilations of global average temperatures (see here and here for more details
in observing practices before and after World War II produced a cold bias
in the sea surface temperatures that were incorporated into the compilations of global average temperatures (see here and here for more details
in the
sea surface temperatures that were incorporated into the compilations of global average
temperatures (see here and here
for more details).
El Nino leftover warm water pools drift into different parts of the oceans and continue to warm
for years, an effect not characterized by the ENSO index, but clearly visible
in sea surface temperature maps and
in the
temperature step
changes and plateaus following El Ninos.
Doing this on a year - to - year basis shows NO apparent correlation with the absolute «globally and annually averaged land and
sea surface temperature anomaly» (i.e. HadCRUT3), but does show a weak correlation with the
CHANGE in temperature from the previous year,
for example:
Scientific confidence of the occurrence of climate
change include,
for example, that over at least the last 50 years there have been increases
in the atmospheric concentration of CO2; increased nitrogen and soot (black carbon) deposition;
changes in the
surface heat and moisture fluxes over land; increases
in lower tropospheric and upper ocean
temperatures and ocean heat content; the elevation of
sea level; and a large decrease
in summer Arctic
sea ice coverage and a modest increase
in Antarctic
sea ice coverage.
Based on the understanding of both the physical processes that control key climate feedbacks (see Section 8.6.3), and also the origin of inter-model differences
in the simulation of feedbacks (see Section 8.6.2), the following climate characteristics appear to be particularly important: (i)
for the water vapour and lapse rate feedbacks, the response of upper - tropospheric RH and lapse rate to interannual or decadal
changes in climate; (ii)
for cloud feedbacks, the response of boundary - layer clouds and anvil clouds to a
change in surface or atmospheric conditions and the
change in cloud radiative properties associated with a
change in extratropical synoptic weather systems; (iii)
for snow albedo feedbacks, the relationship between
surface air
temperature and snow melt over northern land areas during spring and (iv)
for sea ice feedbacks, the simulation of
sea ice thickness.
In so far as the air circulation fails for a time to maintain temperature stability then radiation from surface to space will also change but in due course stabilty is always restored between the four said parameters (sea surface / surface air / sun to sea / air to space
In so far as the air circulation fails
for a time to maintain
temperature stability then radiation from
surface to space will also
change but
in due course stabilty is always restored between the four said parameters (sea surface / surface air / sun to sea / air to space
in due course stabilty is always restored between the four said parameters (
sea surface /
surface air / sun to
sea / air to space).
Natural Variability Doesn't Account
for Observed
Temperature Increase In it's press release announcement, NASA points out that while there are other factors than greenhouse gases contributing to the amount of warming observed — changes in the sun's irradiance, oscillations of sea surface temperatures in the tropics, changes in aerosol levels in the atmosphere — these factors are not sufficient to account for the temperature increases observed
Temperature Increase
In it's press release announcement, NASA points out that while there are other factors than greenhouse gases contributing to the amount of warming observed — changes in the sun's irradiance, oscillations of sea surface temperatures in the tropics, changes in aerosol levels in the atmosphere — these factors are not sufficient to account for the temperature increases observed since 188
In it's press release announcement, NASA points out that while there are other factors than greenhouse gases contributing to the amount of warming observed —
changes in the sun's irradiance, oscillations of sea surface temperatures in the tropics, changes in aerosol levels in the atmosphere — these factors are not sufficient to account for the temperature increases observed since 188
in the sun's irradiance, oscillations of
sea surface temperatures in the tropics, changes in aerosol levels in the atmosphere — these factors are not sufficient to account for the temperature increases observed since 188
in the tropics,
changes in aerosol levels in the atmosphere — these factors are not sufficient to account for the temperature increases observed since 188
in aerosol levels
in the atmosphere — these factors are not sufficient to account for the temperature increases observed since 188
in the atmosphere — these factors are not sufficient to account
for the
temperature increases observed
temperature increases observed since 1880.
Alexander M. A., J. D. Scott, K. D. Friedland, K. E. Mills, J. A. Nye, A. J. Pershing and A. C. Thomas (January 2018): Projected
sea surface temperatures over the 21st century:
Changes in the mean, variability and extremes
for large marine ecosystem regions of Northern Oceans.
We present a novel method of uncovering mechanisms
for global
temperature change by prescribing,
in addition to radiative forcing, the observed history of
sea surface temperature over the central to eastern tropical Pacific
in a climate model.
Feb 8: Projected
sea surface temperatures over the 21st century:
Changes in the mean, variability and extremes
for Large Marine Ecosystem regions of Northern Oceans
Ho added that the enhanced intensification of tropical cyclones over East Asian coastal
seas caused by
changes in sea surface temperature and wind flows mean that «an individual tropical cyclone could strike East Asia, including the Philippines, with a record - breaking power, for example Haiyan, even though landfall intensity in south - east Asia has not notably changed on average in recent years because of the shifted genesis location; note that Haiyan formed over the eastern Philippine Sea far from land.&raq
sea surface temperature and wind flows mean that «an individual tropical cyclone could strike East Asia, including the Philippines, with a record - breaking power,
for example Haiyan, even though landfall intensity
in south - east Asia has not notably
changed on average
in recent years because of the shifted genesis location; note that Haiyan formed over the eastern Philippine
Sea far from land.&raq
Sea far from land.»
The observed
changes (lower panel; Trenberth and Fasullo 2010) show the 12 - month running means of global mean
surface temperature anomalies relative to 1901 — 2000 from NOAA [red (thin) and decadal (thick)-RSB-
in °C (scale lower left), CO2 concentrations (green)
in ppmv from NOAA (scale right), and global
sea level adjusted
for isostatic rebound from AVISO (blue, along with linear trend of 3.2 mm / year) relative to 1993, scale at left
in mm).