Changes in the watershed can, for example, lead to changes in alkalinity and CO2 fluxes that, together with metabolic processes and oceanic dynamics, yield high - magnitude decadal changes of up to 0.5 units in coastal pH. Metabolism results in strong diel to
seasonal fluctuations in pH, with
characteristic ranges of 0.3 pH units, with metabolically intense habitats exceeding this range on a daily basis.