Not exact matches
Data were
entered and analyzed using SAS, BMDP, and Epi Info version 6.17 Statistical tests used to compare sociodemographic
characteristics (Tables 1 and 2) included
Student's t test, χ2 test, and Fisher's exact test as appropriate.18 Analyses
of breastfeeding problems and frequency were examined using χ2 tests and
Student's t test, respectively.
Since
students who apply to charter schools are assigned to enrollment randomly, we can have some confidence that the
characteristics of those who
enter charter schools in kindergarten mimic those
of the
students who apply.
They acknowledge «suspicion
of a modest [emphasis added] association between enrollment at the most selective flagship universities and unobservable
characteristics of entering students, such as ambition and drive.»
The results are quite surprising: after adjusting the data for the effects
of only a few observable
characteristics, the black - white test - score gap in math and reading for
students entering kindergarten essentially disappeared.
Second, we examine whether the size
of the drop in relative achievement suffered by
students entering middle school in grade 6 varied with the
characteristics of the middle school they attended.
after adjusting the data for the effects
of only a few observable
characteristics, the black - white test - score gap in math and reading for
students entering kindergarten essentially disappeared.
First, as teachers became aware
of formative assessment
characteristics and practices, most teachers recognized that they were already doing some formative actions — such as giving
students general feedback — and
entered an initial stage that we call consciousness raising.