The combination of a history and culture of violence in the DRC, together with an election process featuring an alarming lack of candidates running on platforms of any real political substance, seems to have resulted in an election atmosphere
characterized by tactics of
coercion, intimidation, and fear.
This pathway is
characterized by three elements: the onset of conduct problems (such as developmentally excessive levels of aggression, noncompliance, and other oppositional behaviour) in the preschool and early school - age years; a high degree of continuity throughout childhood and into adolescence and adulthood; and a poor prognosis.1, 2 The most comprehensive family - based formulation for the early - starter pathway has been the
coercion model developed
by Patterson and his colleagues.3, 4 The model describes a process of «basic training» in conduct - problem behaviours that occurs in the context of an escalating cycle of coercive parent - child interactions in the home, beginning prior to school entry.