Sentences with phrase «chemical equilibrium»

Meanwhile try reading this Wikipedia article on chemical equilibrium.

As CO2 rises, some enters the oceans and through basic chemical equilibrium reactions involving the dissociation of its hydrated form, carbonic acid to release hydrogen ions, lowers the pH of the water (i.e., raises the hydrogen ion concentration).

The chemical formula is CO2 + H2O H2CO3, which results in a weak, approximately 10 percent, carbonic acid in chemical equilibrium.

You see my problem is that in classical thermodynamics a system is described as being at thermodynamic equilibrium when it is in thermal equilibrium, mechanical equilibrium, radiative equilibrium, and chemical equilibrium.

Although it is commonly assumed atmospheric CO2 and ocean surface pH are in equilibrium, studies examining various time frames from daily and seasonal pH fluctuations (Kline 2015) to the millennial scale transitions from the last ice age to our warm interglacial (Martinez - Boti 2015), demonstrate surface ocean pH has rarely been in chemical equilibrium with atmospheric CO2.

Somewhat more difficult: free CO2 is in chemical equilibrium with bicarbonates and carbonates, thus more CO2 gives more of the other and at the same time more hydrogen ions (that is acidity, or in this case less alkalinity).

The state of atmosphere derived in the top post, which is a derivation that can frequently be found in introductory physics textbooks (including my own) is the state of simultaneous hydrostatic (force) equilibrium, thermal equilibrium, and chemical equilibrium (the latter trivial for an isolated ideal gas).

If the temperature changes, the chemical equilibrium constant will change, and move the equilibrium to the left or right.

Also, increasing PCO2 would not necessarily lead to a decrease in oceanic pH due to calcium carbonate, which exists in a state of chemical equilibrium with CO2 (aq).

This chemical equilibrium is reached within 20 seconds (Stumm & Morgan, 1970).

At the same temperature, at pH - values between 7 and 9, CO2 reaches 99 % chemical equilibrium with water and calcium carbonate in about 100 seconds (Dreybrodt et al., 1996).

In reality, a 100 % increase in the atmosphere is followed by only a 10 % increase of CO2 (in mass) in the upper layer of the oceans, because of chemical equilibrium reactions which happens in the oceans.

What the article points out is that the elementary chemical concepts of chemical equilibrium and charge balance put restraints on the ability of the ocean to release carbon dioxide to the air.

Treating a cycling biosphere as a chemical equilibrium involves deliberately ignoring more than a third of all scientific knowledge.

So where Zeebe hypothesizes his chemical equilibrium equations apply is in the layer one tenth of a millimeter deep.

Additionally, IPCC's reliance on Zeebe & Wolf - Gladrow equilibrium carbonate chemistry requires the surface layer to be in thermodynamic equilibrium, which requires simultaneous mechanical equilibrium, chemical equilibrium, and thermal equilibrium.

Seriously, with the possible exception of noble gasses and nitrogen, NOTHING is in or near to chemical equilibrium.

A particular molecule will get mixed into the upper ocean, but chemical equilibrium in the absence of a rising CO2 concentration forces another out.

Since this is a chemical equilibrium, Le Chatlier's principal states that a perturbation, by say the addition of CO2, will cause the equilibrium to shift in such a way as to minimize the perturbation.

Here on Earth, from the base of the crust upwards, the mix of elements as elements or compounds, up through to the top of the atmosphere are not at chemical equilibrium.

where I am using double equal signs as double arrows, denoting chemical equilibrium.

But presumably, the carbonic acid of the ocean will be in chemical equilibrium with the CO2 in the atmosphere, and thus, for a given level of CO2, you get a corresponding level of acidity in the ocean.

Of course chemists tend to use two arrows — one pointing left and one pointing right — for chemical equilibrium.

And if the ocean takes a long time to come to chemical equilibrium with the atmosphere the acidity would be less than if it were in equilibrium.

Again, that is what chemical equilibrium demands — there is no way around this.

Aging itself is a system - wide movement towards chemical equilibrium (away from the highly regulated far - from - equilibrium state) and as such is an imbalance from which all living organisms suffer.

He subsequently developed solvers for cloud and aerosol coagulation, breakup, condensation / evaporation, freezing, dissolution, chemical equilibrium, and lightning; air - sea exchange; ocean chemistry; greenhouse gas absorption; and surface processes.

So while a mature forest is in chemical equilibrium with the atmosphere, coral reefs form permanent limestone structures that keep on taking carbon out of the air forever.

A small decrease in pH affects the chemical equilibrium of seawater, making it harder for organisms to build calcium carbonate structures.

The resin pulled CO2 out of the polycarbonate in its vigorous quest for chemical equilibrium.

Very simply, the process by which the ocean normally maintains its chemical equilibrium is glacially slow, severely limiting its capacity to adjust to an extreme shock.

In addition, the orange Asupina variety stashes its carotenoids in microscopic sacs during ripening, shifting the chemical equilibrium in the fruit so it can make even higher levels of these substances.

That signaled that the water and minerals in the surrounding sandstone had reached a chemical equilibrium with the injected seawater far more quickly than anticipated — in two years rather than a century.

10 J. Willard Gibbs showed that each chemical equilibrium can be considered to correspond to a minimum in a free - energy - composition space, closely analogous to the potential energy - configuration pit which corresponds to every spatial structure.

Using «fully reciprocal action» as a criterion would qualify a diatomic molecule like diiodine or, less naively, a set of molecules in chemical equilibrium, as a model of an actual entity.

In the vast majority of cases that have been studied, mixtures of chemicals change in composition, as time proceeds, in such a way as to approach a condition of chemical equilibrium.

A molecule, or a chemical equilibrium, is a closed - system structure.

The initial duty in applied science, research, or teaching is to do the job well: to design an airplane wing that will hold under stress, to find a valid equation for chemical equilibrium, or to help students gain sound understanding of metabolism.

Just as the diiodine molecule vibrates about its equilibrium internuclear distance, and molecules in solid iodine jiggle around in three dimensions, still keeping the overall structure of the crystal intact, so, too, there are fluctuations in the concentrations of all chemicals which participate in chemical equilibria.

In this approach, samples in a combinatorial library are simulated as mixtures in chemical equilibria.

Like in the global ocean, as the anthropogenic CO2 penetrates the Mediterranean waters, CO2 - driven shifts in the carbonate chemical equilibria occur and seawater pH decreases.

and chemical equilibria also play a role.

The rate at which, increasing, CO2 is taken from the atmosphere by the oceans should have declined (if you buy the whole chemical equilibria spiel).

What would qualify as zero heat — everything in solid form at 0 K, perhaps, but if we're going to include the latent heat of liquifying and freezing the air, why not also include the latent heat of chemical reactions, assuming chemical equilibria are reached... etc..

Not exact matches

He would argue that Leclerc's notion of «physical existence» applies not only to our more typical notion of a molecule of water, or of sugar, or of hemoglobin (all of similar type), but also to examples of crystals, which are markedly different, and to systems of chemical reaction which persist far from equilibrium.

Concentrations of X and Y do not smoothly approach their equilibrium values (as do concentrations of all chemicals involved in ordinary reactions) but rather these concentrations oscillate around the condition of equilibrium.

In describing chemical oscillators, I said that the concentrations of the intermediates X and Y alternately went above and below their equilibrium values.

11 Richard M. Noyes and Richard J. Field, «Mechanisms of Chemical Oscillators: Experimental Examples,» Accounts of Chemical Research 10 (1977), 273 - 80; Joel Keizer, «Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics and the Stability of States Far from Equilibrium,» Accounts of Chemical Research 12 (1979), 243 - 49; Richard M. Noyes, «Oscillations in Homogeneous Systems,» Ber.

In a new dissipative structure (either a steady state or a limit cycle), concentrations of chemicals and rates of mass - transfer between the system and surroundings will not be those characteristic of the previous equilibrium state (or the nonequilibrium steady state that corresponds to it under conditions of instability) but rather they will be the (perhaps quite different) average values which pertain to the new structure.

We take chemical energy and undo it — move it closer to equilibrium.