This is supported by Szatmari's work in Canada, which showed that family dysfunction and, for boys, service needs
disappeared as significant variables associated with ADHD when comorbidity for other disorders were factored in, of which by the far the most common was CD.31 Unsurprisingly, abused
children with ADHD have poorer
outcomes in adulthood, but that could have several alternative explanations as there are many confounders that could account for these differences in
outcome.
Fact:» [W] e find that family structure does operate through economic status because, once income is controlled, the family structure effects primarily
disappear for both behavioral and cognitive
outcomes...
Children with higher quality home environments (with respect to emotional support and cognitive stimulation) have fewer behavioral problems and higher cognitive test scores.