Some groups of
chimps use twigs to fish for termites, others don't.
Homo habilis could have learned to make the Oldowan tool on his or her own, much as wild
chimps use sticks to fish for termites.
Some chimps use rocks to crack nuts, others fish for termites with blades of grass and a gorilla has been seen gauging the depth of water with the equivalent of a dipstick, but no animal wields tools with quite the alacrity of the New Caledonian crow.
9 Other investigators have found similar results with
a chimp using the terms «same» or «different.»
Then, in June of last year, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service stated that all U.S. chimpanzees — including the more than 700
chimps used in research — would be classified as endangered under the Endangered Species Act.
Decades ago, when the primatologist Jane Goodall told anthropologist Louis Leakey that
chimps used sticks to scoop up termites, he wrote: «Now we must redefine tool, redefine man or accept chimpanzees as human.»
The most recent blow came in June, when FWS stated that all U.S. chimpanzees — including the more than 700
chimps used in research — would be classified as endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA).
In the first experiment, the researchers recorded how wild
chimps used their bodies to indicate the location of the snake to other chimps.
In each group, they recorded what types of hammers
chimps used to crack nuts, how many times they hit each nut, and how many nuts they ate per minute.
They made
the chimp use it with researchers and such — no sign language with trees.
Not exact matches
Several different approaches are currently being
used to explore the linguistic abilities of primates, two of which will be briefly described.8 Premack's work, because it involves a language board, has facilitated the understanding of the abilities of
chimps to grasp abstractions and logical relations, whereas Patterson's work
uses Ameslan and has been especially fruitful in exploring creative language
use.
I also had a beautiful new Mail
Chimp template designed which is on hold until I have a new site but it's always fun to have a fancy mailer you can't
use... yet.
You can also
use services such as Mail
Chimp or Constant Contact.
The National Institutes of Health is reassessing current and proposed trials that
use chimps.
Because its taper, color, and straightness make black bear hair a good stand - in for
chimp or gorilla fur, this is what I
used for Lucy.
Although we share strong superficial physical similarities, we have been able to
use our incredible mental abilities to construct civilisations and manipulate our environment to our will, allowing us to take over our planet and walk on the moon while the
chimps grub around in a few remaining African forests.
Palaeoanthropologists often
use chimps as «proxies» for our common ancestor, so Ardi's debut may mean that much of what we think we know about human evolution will have to be rethought.
CHIMP finishes by powering up the stairs,
using its treads to roll up, rather than stepping.
Super-smart tool users, they can even
use causal reasoning to solve problems, which even
chimps can't do.
Kahlenberg and Wrangham analysed data from 14 years of observation of wild
chimps and categorised stick -
use into four classes: as probes to investigate holes; as weapons during aggressive displays or attacks; as a prop during solitary play; and, in essence, as dolls.
Experiments teaching
chimps — like the famous Washoe — to communicate
using sign language received enormous publicity but rarely withstood critical analysis.
In 2008 pharmaceutical manufacturer GlaxoSmithKline announced it would end its
use of
chimps.
Chimps should be
used only in studies of major diseases and only when there is no other option.
Or they might have been
using their strong precision grips to get at food in new ways, such as peeling tough skins off fruit — a task that
chimps tend to do with their teeth.
«Kissing is seen in our closest primate relatives,
chimps and bonobos, but it is much less intense and less commonly
used.
If adopted, the new rule would restrict import, export and harm of the animals, and clamp down on research that
uses chimps and even their blood or tissue.
In it, he wrote that several factors, including the fact that no researchers have asked to
use chimps, led him to conclude that the 50 chimpanzees are no longer needed.
M: The time of divergence between humans and our African great ape cousins, the
chimp and the gorilla, has been calculated
using the known fossil record.
Regardless of what the NIH decides, «I think everyone agrees that we need to reduce the
use of
chimps,» says Ian Lipkin of Columbia University in New York.
Chimp adenovirus vaccines may have an edge over those that
use the human version, shown here in an electron micrograph (hexagon shapes).
There, she tested pairs of dogs or wolves in an exercise that has also been
used to study cooperative behavior in
chimps and bonobos.
Why then are
chimps generally
used as the model of early human behaviour?
Interestingly, the Americans lacked some of the strains of bacteria found in Malawians — and in gorillas and
chimps — which fits with the general reduction in gut microbiome diversity that has been observed in people in industrialized societies, perhaps because of changes in diet and the
use of antibiotics.
Ebola vaccine for
chimps works but may never be
used Chimpanzees threatened by an Ebola outbreak could be protected by a new vaccine, but cuts in
chimp research may stymie its development
Several groups of nonhuman primates including macaques,
chimps, and capuchins have found a way to
use rocks to secure new food sources.
A look at sperm plugs
used by
chimps may help establish how the last common ancestor of
chimps and humans mated
They were mapping genetic markers that could be
used to determine where illegally traded
chimps came from so they could be returned to their homes in the wild.
The
chimps» randy relatives have been seen
using tools as shovels and levers in captivity, and even fashioning a spear to jab at a researcher
Most
chimps that
use jabbing weapons to hunt prey are female, a pattern of behaviour that may also have been true of the first humans
Using previous data from present - day humans,
chimps and monkeys, Pontzer's group documented a relationship between the shape and orientation of the lower pelvis and the energy available for a range of motions involved in walking and climbing.
This is Tushi, a
chimp living in a Netherlands zoo, who recently knocked a filmmaker's drone clear out of the sky
using a long stick.
Chimps have complex social lives, play power politics, betray and murder each other, make tools, and teach tool
use across generations in a way that qualifies as culture.
THE MOTIVE Jane Goodall publicized tool
use among
chimps in the 1960s, but the first written record of it comes much earlier, from a 17th - century Jesuit priest in Sierra Leone who described how a
chimp with palm nuts «and with a stone in its hand breaks the nuts and eats them.»
More research is needed to prove that
chimps really
use drumming to help find one another in the forest, cautions Adam Clark Arcadi, an anthropologist at Cornell University who was not involved in the current work but also studies buttress drumming.
Like RoboSimian,
CHIMP is designed to be statically stable, so isn't good on the move, but doesn't need to
use complicated algorithms to balance a bipedal gait.
The NIH has not funded new research involving
chimps since December 2011, when the Institute of Medicine, a nonprofit that advises the government on health policy, issued a report establishing strict criteria for the
use of
chimps in biomedical and behavioral research.
Crows seem to be able to
use causal reasoning to solve a problem, a feat previously undocumented in any other non-human animal, including
chimps.
Ross studies
chimp cognition at his zoo
using a touchscreen that the animals can interact with whenever they feel like, and he says he doesn't see why similar experiments couldn't be conducted in sanctuaries.
In the 1970s, researchers discovered that
chimps living in Guinea and Ivory Coast, on the far western edge of their species's range, hunted and
used tools differently from their eastern cousins.
After reviewing 22 NIH - funded research studies
using chimps, the working group found that half should be shut down.