These were techniques such as pulling, pushing, yelling, constraining an animal, using body language that creates fear, making
noises that scare or intimidate (such as «ah - ah» or other words /
sounds that are delivered to startle or punish an animal), putting animals in uncomfortable positions, pulling / jerking on halters, collars, or any other restraint devices, and even using equipment that animals know will cause pain or discomfort if they resist (such as
choke collars, shock collars, vibration collars, prong collars, bits, and rope halters).