For a post-doc, Corbett joined the lab of Stephen Harrison at Harvard Medical School with the intention of studying kinetochores, enormous protein assemblies that control the motion of
chromosomes during cell division.
For elucidating the sophisticated mechanism that mediates the perilous separation of duplicated
chromosomes during cell division and thereby prevents genetic diseases such as cancer.
Condensin is also crucial in the organisation of
the chromosomes during cell division, and errors in the process can result in cancer.
Detailed genetic analyses have now shown that the yeast cells individually multiply as many as six of their 16 total
chromosomes during cell division, and can reverse this multiplication again.
According to the researcher, «we were able to prove, by way of both in vivo and in vitro experiments, that an integrated signal in the microtubules can show the right pathway to
chromosomes during cell division.»
In animal cells (as well as yeast cells), the microtubules that act to separate
chromosomes during cell division are usually organized around a central structure.
They all cover processes affecting
chromosomes during cell division.
In the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, DNA is packaged with histone proteins into complexes known as chromatin, which are further compacted into
chromosomes during cell division.
The egg's very structure, its scaffolding of proteins that guide
the chromosomes during cell division, may also play a key role in turning on the necessary genes.
Not exact matches
Aneuploidy occurs when parts of
chromosomes beyond the normal 46 are missing or added to a person's genetic material
during cell division.
«We found that the microtubules that orchestrate
chromosome segregation
during cell division behave abnormally in older eggs.
«Ladies, this is why fertility declines with age: Age - related female infertility explained by a defect in the choreography of
chromosome sharing
during cell division in eggs before they are fertilized.»
Henikoff told Malik about his work with proteins — histones — that attach to the central regions of
chromosomes — centromeres —
during cell division, maintaining adhesion between
chromosomes most of the time, but also playing a role when the
chromosomes are pulled apart to prepare them for duplication.
This group also clarified that Shugoshin controls DNA replication (the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself
during cell division) in subtelomeres as well as higher - order structure of
chromosomes.
This new insight into how
chromosomes are disassembled and reassembled
during cell division will allow researchers to begin answering basic questions about epigenetic inheritance, as well as human disease such as
chromosome disorders and cancer.
Yeast studies had suggested that Mus81 was critical for a specific stage in
cell division that's essential for
chromosome recombination
during reproduction.
Like others before him, Schrödinger was struck by the fact that
chromosomes are accurately duplicated
during ordinary
cell division (mitosis, the way in which an organism grows) and
during the creation of the sex
cells (meiosis).
During cell division,
chromosomes acquire a characteristic X-shape with the two DNA molecules (sister chromatids) linked at a central «connection region» that contains highly compacted DNA.
The enzyme lengthens the caps, or telomeres, on the ends of
chromosomes, which wear off
during each
cell division.
Previously, our main clue that X and Y had a common ancestry was that they swap a few small sections
during one kind of
cell division, just as pairs of ordinary
chromosomes swap much larger chunks.
Repairing the
chromosome damage
during cell division caused it to be defective.
First, they determined how repair proteins failed to recognize and act on
chromosome breaks
during cell division.
During meiosis, the genome of a diploid germ
cell, which is composed of long segments of DNA packaged into
chromosomes, undergoes DNA replication followed by two rounds of
division, resulting in haploid
cells called gametes.
Certain
chromosomes, the researchers found, exploit this asymmetry to move themselves over to the «right» side of a
cell during division and wind up in the egg.
Gabriela Cabral, a PhD student in the lab of Alex Dammermann at the Center for Molecular Biology of the University of Vienna, explains: «Many people thought that centrioles are held together by the same glue as
chromosomes, a substance called cohesin, which is destroyed
during cell division.
The shortening of telomeres is a process that occurs naturally in the body each time that a
cell divides:
during cell division the DNA, which is tightly packaged into
chromosomes, must be duplicated but the DNA - copying machinery design itself, prevents the full replication of the ends of the
chromosomes.
«While these macromolecules are important for the parent
cell, they pose hindrances during cell division to segregating the copied chromosomes to daughter cells properly,» said Dr. Norihiko Nakazawa, of OIST's G0 Cell Unit, the paper's first aut
cell, they pose hindrances
during cell division to segregating the copied chromosomes to daughter cells properly,» said Dr. Norihiko Nakazawa, of OIST's G0 Cell Unit, the paper's first aut
cell division to segregating the copied
chromosomes to daughter
cells properly,» said Dr. Norihiko Nakazawa, of OIST's G0
Cell Unit, the paper's first aut
Cell Unit, the paper's first author.
During the key step in sperm formation — a
division that results in two
cells, each with half the original number of
chromosomes — the X and Y
chromosomes peeled off from the chain one by one and headed into separate
cells, all segregating faithfully with their own kind.
During the
cell division cycle, the mother
cell duplicates its
chromosomes, generating two identical sets.
Failure has often struck at the stage of meiosis, a type of
cell division during which paired
chromosomes swap DNA and the number of
chromosomes per
cell is halved.
Aneuploidy originates
during cell division, when the
chromosomes do not separate properly or are not equally partitioned between the two daughter
cells.
The findings suggest that the information on the X and Y
chromosomes that makes this
division possible is primed
during gametogenesis — the process of creating ovum or sperm
cells — in the parents.
Telomeres cap the ends of
chromosomes and act as protection against the loss of protein - coding DNA
during cell division.
The three characteristics scientists use to identify a
chromosome are readily visible in an ideogram: length; the banding pattern of the dye, which reflects the type of nucleotides concentrated in the
chromosome; and the location of the centromere, a waistlike constriction required for proper movement
during cell division.
And how do a
cell's
chromosomes manage to pair up and separate
during division?
In an article published in Science this Thursday, a team of Portuguese researchers led by Helder Maiato identifies a» Highway Code» within
cells, a finding that changes the way we perceive how
chromosomes move
during cell division.
Partly based on his MIT Ph.D. thesis research performed in yeast, Sheltzer suspects aneuploidy causes errors in DNA replication, as well as problems with
chromosome segregation
during cell division.
The fragment forms a «micronucleus» with its own membrane and becomes prone to extensive rearrangements of its genetic material, which can then be reincorporated into
chromosomes during the next
cell division.
His research interests are the mechanisms and regulation of
chromosome segregation
during mitotic
cell division, and the development of software tools for accessing, processing, sharing, and publishing large scientific image datasets.
The DNA vital to the life of a
cell is packaged in
chromosomes, and a variety of checkpoints, repair mechanisms, and other cellular safeguards exist to maintain the integrity of the
chromosomes during cell growth and
division.
The team used ChromEMT to image and measure chromatin in resting human
cells and
during cell division (mitosis) when DNA is compacted into its most dense form — the 23 pairs of mitotic
chromosomes that are the iconic image of the human genome.
The special feature of this DNA element is its positioning in precisely those genes that play a role in the
chromosome distribution
during cell division and thus influences them.
Such perfect
division depends on the position of the mitotic spindle (
chromosomes, microtubules, and spindle poles) within the
cell, and it's now clear that human
cells employ two specific mechanisms
during the portion of
division known as anaphase to correct mitotic spindle positioning.
The de-repressed satellite RNAs induced damage to the
chromosomes by fusing them inappropriately and breaking them in what is called genomic instability, a catastrophic event for the
cell during cell division, which can lead to cancer.
The Kops group studies the processes involved in
chromosome segregation
during cell division, with a focus on molecular mechanisms, evolution and chromosomal instability.
Chromatin is compacted to form
chromosomes, which pass along an organism's genetic fingerprint to newly formed
cells during cell division.
The Constitutive Centromere - Associated Network (CCAN) plays a foundational role in the machine that directs
chromosome segregation
during cell division.
Needleman is especially interested in the spindle, a cellular structure that separates
chromosomes and pulls the duplicated DNA from the mother
cell into the daughter
cell during division.
Delivery of
chromosomes, the basic units of inheritance, to each daughter
cell during cell division is mediated by the centromere.
During the meiotic
cell division process, homologous
chromosomes undergo recombination and are then segregated from each other.