Devon MacDermott, PhD, a New York City — based psychologist who specializes in trauma and relationships, defines verbal abuse as «
chronic verbal interaction that's unwanted and makes the victim feel some kind of emotional harm, and is typically from a close relation like a partner, parent, or close friend or family member.»
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is discriminated from CD based on the defiance of rules and argumentative
verbal interactions involved in ODD; CD involves more deliberate aggression, destruction, deceit, and serious rule violations, such as staying out all night or
chronic school truancy.