It is our hope that the present comparative treatment will deepen the understanding of American
civil religion at the same time it opens up issues that can be explored in many other societies.
A decade ago social scientists predicted the demise of
civil religion at the hands of the seemingly more aggressive individualistic and materialistic orientations supported by utilitarianism.
Not exact matches
It was the energy of James K. Polk in the mid-1840s that put the presidency
at the core of foreign policy, and thus turned the president into a promulgator and priest of the American
civil religion.
Such flowery verbiage is not unusual
at National Cathedral, conceived early in the twentieth century as an American version of Westminster Abbey to enshrine the spiritual achievements of American Christianity, statecraft and
civil religion.
If «morality is a
civil matter rather than an ecclesiastical one», then why refer to the spiritual /
religion / bible
at all in moral matters?
Making specific exemptions for specific
religions is fun
at first, but
at the end of the day, just cough over the dues for a (somewhat) healthy and (somewhat)
civil society like the rest of us.
Only now the compulsive state
religion, or
at least our new
civil religion, is supposed to be progressive liberalism.
Some, in recent decades, have turned to an analysis of «
civil religion,» which
at its best is the awareness that there are universalistic moral sensitivities which have developed out of the American experience.
Fundamentalist Islam is
at war with the West and its values of intellectual and
civil freedom and democracy — and it actually takes advantage of those liberties to advance its Jihad «holy war» by using tax breaks for
religions to erect edifices or get subsidies for large Muslim families that are used to sway Western democracies, and, yes, suing for the right even to build a fundamentalist mosque
at Ground Zero.
He finds current expressions of both to be internally divisive as well as
at odds with each other, usually based on a conservative / liberal split that weakens the effectiveness of both «
civil religions,» and leaves the way open for secular ideologies including material success, radical individual freedom, and an amoral pragmatism.
On the basis of the foregoing analysis of Mexico and the United States, perhaps this explanation can be offered:
Civil religion depends for its existence upon circumstances allowing persons and institutions to be «religious» and «political»
at the same time.
Rousseau seems to suggest the most fully developed
civil religion relies exclusively on neither the church nor the state but to a significant degree
at least counts on independent vehicles for its support.
«1 Such word choice suggests a dash of reality or a sprinkling of cynicism is all that is required to keep Americans from having a
civil religion or
at least believing in it.
Biased in favor of one or another ecclesiastic outlook
at times, this
civil religion can also
at times be biased on behalf of the political status quo.
It was one of Max Weber's great insights that while «every...
religion must, in similar measure and for similar reasons experience tension with the sphere of political behavior,»
religions differ in how they deal with this tension.108 Innerworldly asceticism has an edge,
at least when it comes to the development of a
civil religion.
These two strands of American
religion — the private and public, the soul - competent and
civil - competent, the subjective and objective forms of witness to God as God or God - in - self — are sometimes
at war, and sometimes they form complementary relations within denominations and in the minds of most of us.
If morality as proclaimed by various
religions is denied a place
at the policy table, then our nation will only be guided by those with a very cramped and limited moral view — which would have been a disaster for abolition and
civil rights way back then — and would be no less a disaster today.
To understand the Christianity of this period [Victorian] we must look not only
at public symbols of
civil religion... but
at the sacramental character of the home.
In suggesting that there are two forms of
civil religion, the priestly and the prophetic, Martin Marty judged that the former was exemplified in Nixon's White House worship services and alliance with Billy Graham, the latter by Senator Mark Hatfield's criticism of America's involvement in Vietnam
at a presidential prayer breakfast.
In describing and accounting for the lives of the Religious Right, which we define simply as religious conservatives with a considerable involvement in political activity, the book and the series tell the story primarily by focusing on leading episodes in the movement's history, including, but not limited to, the groundwork laid by Billy Graham in his relationships with presidents and other prominent political leaders; the resistance of evangelical and other Protestants to the candidacy of the Roman Catholic John F. Kennedy; the rise of what has been called the New Right out of the ashes of Barry Goldwater's defeat in 1964; a battle over sex education in Anaheim, California, in the mid-1960's; a prolonged cultural war over textbooks in West Virginia in the early 1970's — and that is a battle that has been fought less violently in community after community all over the country; the thrill conservative Christians felt over the election of a «born - again» Christian to the Presidency in 1976 and the subsequent disappointment they experienced when they found out that Jimmy Carter was, of all things, a Democrat; the rise of the Moral Majority and its infatuation with Ronald Reagan; the difficulty the Religious Right has had in dealing with abortion, homosexuality and AIDS; Pat Robertson's bid for the presidency and his subsequent launching of the Christian Coalition; efforts by Dr. James Dobson and Gary Bauer to win a «
civil war of values» by changing the culture
at a deeper level than is represented by winning elections; and, finally, by addressing crucial questions about the appropriate relationship between
religion and politics or, as we usually put it, between church and state.
The term «
civil religion» has spread far beyond any coherent concept thereof, or
at least beyond anything I ever meant by the term.
The clearest and probably the purest expression of the ethical dynamism I have located in the realm of the public theology broke through
at one crucial moment in our history into the
civil religion itself in the person of our greatest, perhaps our only,
civil theologian, Abraham Lincoln.
They are seeking what has been called post-modern paradigms for «an open secular democratic culture» within the framework of a public philosophy (Walter Lippman) or
Civil Religion (Robert Bellah) or a new genuine realistic humanism or
at least a body of insights about the nature of being and becoming human, evolved through dialogue among renascent
religions, secularist ideologies including the philosophies of the tragic dimension of existence and disciplines of social and human sciences which have opened themselves to each other in the context of their common sense of historical responsibility and common human destiny.
Inspired by examples of American
civil rights activists, such as the freedom riders of 1961, HRPM members travel
at a moment's notice to fight injustice and defend villagers thrown off their land, persecuted believers of any
religion, and the human rights of all.
Others are suffering simply for being in the wrong place
at the wrong time, being caught up in
civil wars that use
religion to define nationalism — much like our favorite Godwin's law reference did.
This chapter addresses the latter question by looking
at the role played by religious pluralism and law in the formation of America's
civil religion.
It does seem, however, from Chapters 3 and 4, that we take the differentiated
civil religion as
at least a hypothetical norm for modern society and seek to explain the conditions that may block its emergence in the case of such societies as Mexico and Italy.
Granted, the outcome may not be a sharply defined «
civil religion» — one that could be universally recognized as such — but
at the least it can be anticipated that some kind of «political
religion» will be more likely to emerge in societies where legal structures take on meaning - bestowal qualities.6 Obviously such political
religion can emerge in «totalitarian» as well as «democratic» societies, but in either setting it will be the law and not mere coercion that facilitates social development.
In this chapter I attempt only to illuminate some of the conditions that could give rise to
civil religions, thus making plausible
at least their existence.
Then, after a few months,
at best only three years, of a public career in which He was hailed by a crowd which proved fickle and had won the adherence of a coterie of men and women who did not fully understand Him, He ran afoul of the leaders of the organized
religion of His people, was accused by them of fomenting rebellion against the
civil government, that of Rome, and was crucified by the order of the local representative of that government.
For one thing Japanese
civil religion seems to be subject to conscious manipulation
at least as early as the sixth or seventh centuries.
Dr. Hammond looks
at the function played by religious pluralism and law in the development of America's
civil religion.
At least such a perspective directs us to further research into the issue of
civil religion.
A much fuller discussion of Canadian
civil religion or the lack thereof is contained in a doctoral dissertation on the subject currently in progress
at the Graduate Theological Union in Berkeley, California, by William A. Stahl.
From
at least Daniel Boorstin and Sidney E. Mead on, scholars have seen the leaders of the American Enlightenment — the
religion of the republic that animates present - day
civil or public
religion — as being advocates of some sort of primitivism.
Other
civil libertarian positions include support for
at least partial legalization of illicit substances (marijuana, etc.), a strong demarcation between
religion and politics, and, more recently, support for gay marriage.
☐ Is overseen by an elected school board ☐ Submits to a financial audit on a regular basis ☐ Follows state class - size mandates ☐ Adheres to health, safety, and
civil rights laws ☐ Teaches a curriculum aligned to state standards ☐ Is a brick - and - mortar school (not an online one) ☐ Doesn't teach
religion ☐ Is in session
at least six hours a day, 180 days a year ☐ Follows state teacher - pay guidelines ☐ Participates in annual assessments ☐ Has
at least one librarian, nurse, and counselor ☐ Does not practice selective admissions ☐ Demonstrates
at least minimal growth in student achievement ☐ Employs unionized teachers ☐ Keeps student suspensions to a minimal level
(2) signed by an individual, or his parent, to the effect that he has been denied admission to or not permitted to continue in attendance
at a public college by reason of race, color,
religion, or national origin, and the Attorney General believes the complaint is meritorious and certifies that the signer or signers of such complaint are unable, in his judgment, to initiate and maintain appropriate legal proceedings for relief and that the institution of an action will materially further the orderly achievement of desegregation in public education, the Attorney General is authorized, after giving notice of such complaint to the appropriate school board or college authority and after certifying that he is satisfied that such board or authority has had a reasonable time to adjust the conditions alleged in such complaint, to institute for or in the name of the United States a
civil action in any appropriate district court of the United States against such parties and for such relief as may be appropriate, and such court shall have and shall exercise jurisdiction of proceedings instituted pursuant to this section, provided that nothing herein shall empower any official or court of the United States to issue any order seeking to achieve a racial balance in any school by requiring the transportation of pupils or students from one school to another or one school district to another in order to achieve such racial balance, or otherwise enlarge the existing power of the court to insure compliance with constitutional standards.
Fine art historian and curator Angus Haldane will explore the nuances of British politics,
religion, and fashion, and show the profound effect the
civil conflict had on English society as depicted in portraits that hang
at National Trust Properties.
One of the outcomes of the
civil rights movement is laws aimed
at eliminating unfair practices in the workplace, including discrimination based on race,
religion, gender and, more recently, sexual orientation.
As regards the finding of indirect discrimination, the EAT accepted that the requirement for all registrars to perform
civil partnership ceremonies placed persons of the claimant's
religion at a particular disadvantage in comparison with other persons who do not share the same
religion.
If you think you were treated unfairly (discriminated against) because of race, color, national origin, sex, age, disability,
religion or political beliefs, call the Office of
Civil Rights
at 1-888-388-6332 (toll - free).