If, however, teachers must choose a smaller number of practices on which to focus their improvement efforts (for example, because of limited time or professional development opportunities), our results suggest that math achievement would likely benefit most from improvements in
classroom management skills before turning to instructional issues.
Teacher residencies similar to those used by doctors can offer new teachers opportunities to learn the
skills of teaching
before they are solely responsible for an entire
classroom.72 In many of these programs, teacher candidates co-teach under the supervision of a mentor who provides feedback on both
classroom management and instruction.73 A transition period affords new teachers the chance to get their feet wet with assistance from a more seasoned teacher.