While the anterior deltoid has only the fourth largest peak moment arm length during shoulder flexion,
the clavicular pectoralis major and posterior and anterior subscapularis have maximum moment arms lengths at moderate (71 degrees) and small (2.5 degrees) shoulder positions respectively.
The reverse grip bench press produces (non-significantly) greater EMG amplitudes in
the clavicular pectoralis major compared to the traditional pronated grip variation.
Nonetheless, performing the reverse grip bench press with wide hand spacing produces the greatest activation of
the clavicular pectoralis major compared to a narrow hand spacing, and compared to a traditional grip bench press when performed with any of narrow, middle and wide hand spacings (Lehman et al. 2005).
The top part of the chest is known as
the clavicular pectoralis, which is a smaller muscle that can be difficult to grow.
It's known as
the clavicular pectoralis and here's what it looks like:
Not exact matches
Your pectoral muscles are consisted of the
pectoralis major with its sternal and
clavicular parts as well as the
pectoralis minor.
As one of the best moves for building a stronger and bigger upper body, it effectively targets many of the same big upper body muscles as the conventional version — the
clavicular head of the
pectoralis major, the anterior deltoid and the triceps — only from a different angle, which contributes to shifting a major part of the work to the upper chest and shoulders.
That being said, proper chest development requires targeting all parts of your pecs, i.e. the
pectoralis major and its two heads: the sternal - costal head and the
clavicular head, the
pectoralis minor and the much smaller subclavius muscle.
The sternal head runs from your sternum, goes across your chest and inserts at your humerus, so it's a quite larger than the
clavicular head and represents the lower portion of the
pectoralis major muscle.
Using high pulley machines will allow you to train your lower chest more effectively, while the
clavicular head and the
pectoralis minor will assist the movement.
The
pectoralis major is composed of three segments — the
clavicular head, the sternal head and the abdominal head — which require different motions to be fully activated.
The sternal (lower) region of the
pectoralis major does most of the work for your chest with some help from the
clavicular region.
As the incline goes from -45 degrees (a decline flye), to 0 degrees (the flat bench flye), to 45 degrees (an incline flye), to 90 degrees (the military, or shoulder press), the primary muscles being worked progresses from the sternal region of the
pectoralis major, to the
clavicular region of the
pectoralis major, to the deltoids (shoulders).
When you perform chest exercises on an incline, you emphasize the upper portion (
clavicular head) of the pecs (
pectoralis major).
The
pectoralis major has two heads — the upper (
clavicular) head and the lower (sternocostal) head which is by far the larger of the two.
More precisely, it is situated medial to the lateral deltoid and lateral to the
clavicular head of the
pectoralis major.
Therefore, the data appears to indicate that bench angles between 30 and 56 degrees display superior
pectoralis major
clavicular head muscle activity than steeper or less inclined variations.
Therefore, the
pectoralis major (
clavicular head) seems to act as a primary shoulder scapular plane flexor.
Glass & Armstrong (1997) compared the 15 degrees below horizontal decline bench press to the 30 degrees incline bench press and found no difference in
pectoralis major
clavicular head muscle activity.
Although both
pectoralis major parts are involved in shoulder horizontal adduction (bringing the hands in front of the body from the sides), only the
clavicular head also flexes the shoulder (raising the arms in front of the body from the sides) and internally rotates the shoulder (Barberini, 2013).
The
pectoralis major (
clavicular head) displays a peak moment arm (length = +30.2 mm) at 120 degrees (arms over head) and its lowest moment arm length of 2.5 degrees at +3.1 mm (Ackland et al., 2008).
Strangely, even though larger muscles tend to be more pennate than smaller ones, the smaller
clavicular head of the
pectoralis major appears to be more highly pennated than the much larger sternocostal head.
Bench press angle, grip width and load all affect
pectoralis major muscle activity (both sternocostal and
clavicular heads) and anterior deltoid muscle activity in varying ways.
These figures indicate that the
pectoralis major (
clavicular head) functions as a primary shoulder flexor between 25 and 120 degrees of shoulder flexion, with its greatest contribution to shoulder flexion occurring towards 120 degrees (arms above the head).
Steeper bench angles (28 — 56 degrees) produce greater
pectoralis major
clavicular head activity.
So the
clavicular head of the
pectoralis major seems only to assist in shoulder abduction and then mainly only above 40 degrees, peaking at 120 degrees (arms above the head), as is shown in the following chart below.
Assessing the effect of grip width, Lehman et al. (2005) found no difference in
pectoralis major
clavicular head muscle activity between narrow, middle and wide grip conditions.
Ackland et al. (2008) showed that the
pectoralis major (
clavicular head) displayed a peak moment arm length at 120 degrees of shoulder abduction (length = +11.2 mm), and a minimum moment arm length at 2.5 degrees of shoulder abduction (length = -3.0 mm).
Using a reverse (supinated) grip could increase the involvement of the
clavicular part of the
pectoralis major.
As you can see from the chart below, the
clavicular head of the
pectoralis major displays the largest shoulder flexion muscle moment arm out of all parts of the
pectoralis major, with a peak moment arm length of 53.7 mm at 71 degrees of shoulder flexion (arms just below parallel with the ground).
Separate nerves innervate the two segments, with the
clavicular portion innervated with the larger lateral pectoral nerve, and the sternocostal (and
pectoralis minor) innervated by the medial pectoral nerve.
Ackland et al. (2008) showed that the
pectoralis major (
clavicular head) displayed a peak moment arm length of 30.2 mm at 120 degrees of shoulder flexion (arms above head) and a minimum moment arm length at 2.5 degrees (length = +3.1 mm) of shoulder scapular plane flexion.