Sentences with phrase «climate of a general circulation model»

Manabe S. et al., 1975: The Effects of Doubling the CO2 Concentration on the Climate of a General Circulation Model.

The effects of doubling the CO2 concentration on the climate of a general circulation model.

Not exact matches

CMIP was established as a resource for climate modelers, providing a standard protocol for studying the output of coupled atmosphere - ocean general circulation models so that these models can be compared and validated.

A global climate model or general circulation model aims to describe climate behavior by integrating a variety of fluid - dynamical, chemical, or even biological equations that are either derived directly from physical laws (e.g.

And a proper discussion of climate change often does call for precise terms like external forcing and general circulation models, and other non-toddler friendly jargon.

Scientists at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory showed that global climate models are not accurately depicting the true depth and strength of tropical clouds that have a strong hold on the general circulation of atmospheric heat and the global water balance.

(Top left) Global annual mean radiative influences (W m — 2) of LGM climate change agents, generally feedbacks in glacial - interglacial cycles, but also specified in most Atmosphere - Ocean General Circulation Model (AOGCM) simulations for the LGM.

To derive the climate projections for this assessment, we employed 20 general circulation models to consider two scenarios of global carbon emissions: one where atmospheric greenhouse gases are stabilized by the end of the century and the other where it grows on its current path (the stabilization [RCP4.5] and business - as - usual [RCP8.5] emission scenarios, respectively).

He promoted the use of water stable isotopomers for reconstructing past climate changes from ice cores and with associated atmospheric modelling using both dynamically simple and General Circulation Models (GCMs).

Her research apparatus is built with a fusion of advanced statistical methods, idealized general circulation models (GCM), and state of the art climate models.

Cess, R.D., et al., 1989: Interpretation of cloud - climate feedback as produced by 14 atmospheric general circulation models.

Diansky, N.A., and E.M. Volodin, 2002: Simulation of the present - day climate with a coupled atmosphere - ocean general circulation model.

Zhang, M.H., R.D. Cess, J.J. Hack, and J.T. Kiehl, 1994: Diagnostic study of climate feedback processed in atmospheric general circulation models.

Using the adjoint of an ocean general circulation model, I try to understand the local and remote processes that generate temperature anomalies in the Nordic Seas on different timescales and their potential contribution to decadal climate predictability.

The delta method interpolates the General Circulation Model generally used in climate modelling at scales of 100 to 200 km using a thin plate spline spatial interpolation method to achieve the 30 arc seconds resolution [52].

The Met Office Hadley Centre (Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research) climate change model, Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3 (HadCM3)[53], a coupled atmosphere - ocean general circulation model, was used for the time intervals 2020, 2050 and 2080 (note these date represent a time windows of ten years either side of the time interval date, i.e. 2020 is an average of the years 2010 — 2029, 2050 for 2040 — 2059 and 2080 for 2070 — 2089), under three emission scenarios of the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)[54]: scenario A1B (maximum energy requirements; emissions differentiated dependent on fuel sources; balance across sources), A2A (high energy requirements; emissions less than A1 / Fl) and B2A (lower energy requirements; emissions greater thClimate Prediction and Research) climate change model, Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3 (HadCM3)[53], a coupled atmosphere - ocean general circulation model, was used for the time intervals 2020, 2050 and 2080 (note these date represent a time windows of ten years either side of the time interval date, i.e. 2020 is an average of the years 2010 — 2029, 2050 for 2040 — 2059 and 2080 for 2070 — 2089), under three emission scenarios of the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)[54]: scenario A1B (maximum energy requirements; emissions differentiated dependent on fuel sources; balance across sources), A2A (high energy requirements; emissions less than A1 / Fl) and B2A (lower energy requirements; emissions greater thclimate change model, Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3 (HadCM3)[53], a coupled atmosphere - ocean general circulation model, was used for the time intervals 2020, 2050 and 2080 (note these date represent a time windows of ten years either side of the time interval date, i.e. 2020 is an average of the years 2010 — 2029, 2050 for 2040 — 2059 and 2080 for 2070 — 2089), under three emission scenarios of the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)[54]: scenario A1B (maximum energy requirements; emissions differentiated dependent on fuel sources; balance across sources), A2A (high energy requirements; emissions less than A1 / Fl) and B2A (lower energy requirements; emissions greater thanmodel, Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3 (HadCM3)[53], a coupled atmosphere - ocean general circulation model, was used for the time intervals 2020, 2050 and 2080 (note these date represent a time windows of ten years either side of the time interval date, i.e. 2020 is an average of the years 2010 — 2029, 2050 for 2040 — 2059 and 2080 for 2070 — 2089), under three emission scenarios of the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)[54]: scenario A1B (maximum energy requirements; emissions differentiated dependent on fuel sources; balance across sources), A2A (high energy requirements; emissions less than A1 / Fl) and B2A (lower energy requirements; emissions greater thanModel, version 3 (HadCM3)[53], a coupled atmosphere - ocean general circulation model, was used for the time intervals 2020, 2050 and 2080 (note these date represent a time windows of ten years either side of the time interval date, i.e. 2020 is an average of the years 2010 — 2029, 2050 for 2040 — 2059 and 2080 for 2070 — 2089), under three emission scenarios of the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)[54]: scenario A1B (maximum energy requirements; emissions differentiated dependent on fuel sources; balance across sources), A2A (high energy requirements; emissions less than A1 / Fl) and B2A (lower energy requirements; emissions greater thanmodel, was used for the time intervals 2020, 2050 and 2080 (note these date represent a time windows of ten years either side of the time interval date, i.e. 2020 is an average of the years 2010 — 2029, 2050 for 2040 — 2059 and 2080 for 2070 — 2089), under three emission scenarios of the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)[54]: scenario A1B (maximum energy requirements; emissions differentiated dependent on fuel sources; balance across sources), A2A (high energy requirements; emissions less than A1 / Fl) and B2A (lower energy requirements; emissions greater than B1).

Climate change projections were based on an ensemble of four General Circulation Models (UKMO HadCM3, MPIM ECHAM5, CSIRO MK3.5 and GFDL CM2.1), downscaled to 10 minutes [32], considering three emissions scenarios (B2, A1B and A2) for 1975 (mean 1961 — 1990), 2050 (mean 2041 — 2060) and 2090 (mean 2081 — 2100).

There is considerable confidence that Atmosphere - Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs) provide credible quantitative estimates of future climate change, particularly at continental and larger scales.

First, the hypothesis of manmade global warming is only supported by general circulation models, which are known to be imperfect representations of the Earth's climate systems.

However, the general circulation models are, at present, timeconsuming and expensive to run, and, despite the known shortcomings of the one - dimensional models, most available predictions of climate change have been made using the simpler models.

(This genre of one - dimensional and two - dimensional models lay between the rudimentary, often qualitative models covered in the essay on Simple Models of Climate and the elaborate three - dimensional General Circulation Models of the Atmospmodels lay between the rudimentary, often qualitative models covered in the essay on Simple Models of Climate and the elaborate three - dimensional General Circulation Models of the Atmospmodels covered in the essay on Simple Models of Climate and the elaborate three - dimensional General Circulation Models of the AtmospModels of Climate and the elaborate three - dimensional General Circulation Models of the AtmospModels of the Atmosphere.)

«It is now widely known that the water vapor feedback in general circulation models (GCMs) is close to that which would result from a climate ‐ invariant distribution of relative humidity [Soden and Held, 2006], as long anticipated before the advent of such models [e.g., Arrhenius, 1896; Manabe and Wetherald, 1967].»

There are uncertainties in parts of the general circulation models used to forecast future climate, but thousands of scientists have made meticulous efforts to make sure that the processes are based on observations of basic physics, laboratory measurements, and sound theoretical calculations.

«GCM — General Circulation Model (sometimes Global Climate Model) which includes the physics of the atmosphere and often the ocean, sea ice and land surface as well.»

Schmidt, G.A., D.T. Shindell, R.L. Miller, M.E. Mann, and D. Rind, General circulation modelling of Holocene climate variability, Quaternary Sci.

(Paper abstract) Climate models may underestimate heat stored in ground General circulation models (GCMs), the primary tool for estimating the magnitude of future climate change, rely on realistic inputs to generate accurate prediClimate models may underestimate heat stored in ground General circulation models (GCMs), the primary tool for estimating the magnitude of future climate change, rely on realistic inputs to generate accurate prediclimate change, rely on realistic inputs to generate accurate predictions.

We employed two different climate model simulations: (1) the simulation of the NCAR CSM 1.4 coupled atmosphere - ocean General Circulation Model (GCM) analyzed by Ammann et al (2007) and (2) simulations of a simple Energy Balance Model (model simulations: (1) the simulation of the NCAR CSM 1.4 coupled atmosphere - ocean General Circulation Model (GCM) analyzed by Ammann et al (2007) and (2) simulations of a simple Energy Balance Model (Model (GCM) analyzed by Ammann et al (2007) and (2) simulations of a simple Energy Balance Model (Model (EBM).

General circulation modelling of Holocene climate variability.

As noted in that post, RealClimate defines the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation («AMO») as, «A multidecadal (50 - 80 year timescale) pattern of North Atlantic ocean - atmosphere variability whose existence has been argued for based on statistical analyses of observational and proxy climate data, and coupled Atmosphere - Ocean General Circulation Model («AOGCM») simulations.

* G. A. Schmidt, et al. (2004) «General circulation modeling of Holocene climate variability» Quaternary Science Reviews 23, 2167 — 2181.

How ARM came to be: After 25 years in action, ARM is still in the business of bettering the performance of the climate science's general circulation models.

We investigate the magnitude and nature of this climate change for the first time within a fully coupled General Circulation Model.

«Seasonal Cycle Experiments on Climate Sensitivity Due to a Doubling of CO2 with an Atmospheric General Circulation Model Coupled to a Simple Mixed Layer Ocean Model.»

Experiments with coupled ocean - atmosphere general circulation models (which represent the complexity of the climate system much more realistically than this simple model) give similar results.

An increased number of simulations using EMICs or Atmosphere - Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs) that are the same as, or related to, the models used in simulations of the climates of the 20th and 21st centuries are available for these peModels (AOGCMs) that are the same as, or related to, the models used in simulations of the climates of the 20th and 21st centuries are available for these pemodels used in simulations of the climates of the 20th and 21st centuries are available for these periods.

Syllabus: Lecture 1: Introduction to Global Atmospheric Modelling Lecture 2: Types of Atmospheric and Climate Models Lecture 3: Energy Balance Models Lecture 4: 1D Radiative - Convective Models Lecture 5: General Circulation Models (GCMs) Lecture 6: Atmospheric Radiation Budget Lecture 7: Dynamics of the Atmosphere Lecture 8: Parametrizations of Subgrid - Scale Physical Processes Lecture 9: Chemistry of the Atmosphere Lecture 10: Basic Methods of Solving Model Equations Lecture 11: Coupled Chemistry - Climate Models (CCMs) Lecture 12: Applications of CCMs: Recent developments of atmospheric dynamics and chemistry Lecture 13: Applications of CCMs: Future Polar Ozone Lecture 14: Applications of CCMs: Impact of Transport Emissions Lecture 15: Towards an Earth System Model

27, pp.115 - 139, (1989).2 R. D. Cess et al, «Interpretation of cloud - climate feedback as produced by 14 atmospheric general circulation models», Science, Vol.

To investigate the effects of CO2 emissions on ocean pH, we forced the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ocean general - circulation model (Fig. 1a) with the pressure of atmospheric CO2 (pCO2) observed from 1975 to 2000, and with CO2 emissions from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's IS92a scenario1 for 2000 — 2100.

«The Sensitivity of Monsoon Climates to Orbital Parameterization Changes for 9000 Years BP: Experiments with the NCAR General Circulation Model.»

The question is «evidence of what» a... ***** Since it is putatively a General Circulation Model of climate, one would expect it's output to deal with climate.

Current state - of - the - art general circulation models have difficulty simulating the regional distribution of monsoon rainfall, the 24 June review in Nature Climate Change says.

The main justifications offered for climate alarmism are expensive general circulation models, which cost taxpayers many billions of dollars but prove nothing except that garbage in results in garbage out.

We have investigated the coupled chemistry - climate response to projected emissions of greenhouse gases and ozone - depleting halogens over time, using the NASA GISS general circulation model, incorporating simple chemistry.

To investigate the relationship between SL and BP on climate scales, we considered interannual time series from satellite observations and a general circulation model ranging over 2005 - 2010 and smoothed over scales of 750 km.

In the paper, according to the abstract, Scafetta compares the performance of a recently proposed empirical climate model based on astronomical harmonics against all CMIP3 available general circulation climate models (GCM) used by the IPCC (2007) and finds that the climate appears to be resonating with, or is synchronized to, a set of natural harmonics that have been associated to the solar system planetary motion.

This project used a compiled set of emission and forcing scenarios called the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) to drive a group of the most complex climate available, so - called Atmosphere Ocean General Circulation Models.

A new paper has been published by the Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics, authored by Nicola Scafetta, 2012: Testing an astronomically based decadal - scale empirical harmonic climate model versus the IPCC (2007) general circulation models.

Gamesa Corporation, 176 Gas (natural), 19 - 20, 40, 175, 185 - 186, 188 - 190, 192 - 196, 199 - 201, 205, 209, 214, 217, 219 - 226, 229, 244 Gasland, 225 Gasoline, 20 - 21, 24, 185, 187, 203 - 206, 208 - 212, 229, 243, 245 Ge, Quansheng, 60 - 61 General Circulation Model (GCM), 51 General Electric (GE), 14, 21, 176 General Motors (GM), 14, 212 - 213 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Lab, 87, 174 George Mason University, 133, 181 Georgia Institute of Technology, 83, 167 Geothermal, 234 German Advisory Council on Global Change, 216 German Chamber of Industry and Commerce, 218 German Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Nuclear Safety, 216 Germany, 11, 16, 20, 23, 28, 42 - 43, 123, 134, 176, 187, 191, 199, 203 - 204, 214, 216 - 218, 225, 244 Giaever, Ivar, 182 Gillard, Julia, 11, 40 Glacier, 53, 106, 156, 240 Glacier Girl, 107 - 108 Global governance, 35 - 38, 217 Global Warming Petition Project, 142 Golby, Paul, 219 Goldwind Corporation, 176 Goodstein, David, 222 Gore, Al, 2 - 3, 5 - 10, 13, 20, 30, 64, 80, 102, 115, 119, 124, 126, 129, 146, 156, 162, 179, 185, 201, 209, 213 effect, 36, 124, 138, 179, 219, 240 - 241 Graumlich, Lisa, 164 Gray, William, 117, 181 Great Barrier Reef, 139 - 140, 236 Greece, 134, 187, 244 Green Climate Fund, 37 Greenhouse effect, 50, 53, 69, 71 - 72, 74, 83 - 88 Greenhouse gas, 1 - 2, 6, 10 - 12, 14 - 16, 18, 20 - 22, 30, 32 - 33, 36, 38, 42, 44, 47, 52 - 53, 56, 68, 72, 76 - 77, 91, 106, 121, 127 - 128, 142, 144, 154 - 155, 166, 169, 199, 209, 215, 230, 233, 240, 242 - 243 Greenland, 56 - 57, 62 - 63, 76, 102, 104, 106 - 108, 111, 137, 240 Greenland Expedition Society, 107 Greenpeace, 25, 28, 42, 178, 192, 209, 222, 224 Greenwald, Julie, 115 Grossman, Juergen, 183 Grudd, Håken, 58 - 59 Gulledge, Jay, 123 - 124

A suggestive way of putting it, because for any software engineer worth his salt what Steve has shown beyond doubt is that climate science, not least its authoritative expressions in IPCC reports, has been atrocious in regression testing of its central general circulation and other models, taking that important term in its broadest and most important sense.

The three successive IPCC reports (1991 [2], 1996, and 2001 [3]-RRB- concentrated therefore, in addition to estimates of equilibrium sensitivity, on estimates of climate change over the 21st century, based on several scenarios of CO2 increase over this time interval, and using up to 18 general circulation models (GCMs) in the fourth IPCC Assessment Report (AR4)[4].