You might be suffering from trypophobia, or the fear of
clusters of holes.
Many people, however, report feeling an aversion to
clusters of holes — such as those of a honeycomb, a lotus seed pod or even aerated chocolate.
The repeating pattern of high contrast seen in
clusters of holes, for example, is similar to the pattern on the skin of many snakes and the pattern made by a spider's dark legs against a lighter background.
The authors theorize that
clusters of holes may be evolutionarily indicative of contamination and disease — visual cues for rotten or moldy food or skin marred by an infection.
«On the surface, images of threatening animals and
clusters of holes both elicit an aversive reaction,» Ayzenberg says.
Not exact matches
These stars also probably formed in dense
clusters, so it is likely that the black
holes created on their deaths would have merged, giving rise to black
holes of several thousand solar masses.
Alternative explanations posit these anomalously massive black
holes grew and merged in throngs
of stars called globular
clusters, but that process can easily require more time than the current age
of the universe.
But if you have
clusters of black
holes at the centers
of galaxies, there are mechanisms by which some could rapidly grow, form binaries and merge with each other.»
The team's simulations show that 70 to 98 %
of the middleweight black
holes at the hearts
of clusters were ejected, depending on the assumptions used, such as the mass
of the small black
holes and the initial mass
of the middleweight black
hole.
Craig Wheeler
of the University
of Texas in Austin, US, who is not a member
of the team, says it is still not known whether middleweight black
holes form in globular
clusters in the first place.
Images
of M32, a dwarf elliptical galaxy near to our own, show that stars become
clustered much more closely together near its centre, which is what should happen if the galaxy contains a black
hole.
If most
of the black
holes really do get kicked out
of their globular
clusters, this could explain why searches have had such difficulty finding them there.
Hundreds
of middleweight black
holes may rove unseen through the galaxy after being evicted from their homes in star
clusters, according to calculations.
There are no firm detections so far, but a globular
cluster called G1 is the best candidate for hosting a middleweight black
hole, based on the motion
of stars at its centre, Holley - Bockelmann says.
The Chandra results show that a supermassive black
hole in the heart
of the Perseus galaxy
cluster, 250 million light - years from Earth, generates enough
of a sonic wallop to do the job.
The central galaxy in this
cluster harbors a supermassive black
hole that is in the process
of devouring star - forming gas, which fuels a pair
of powerful jets that erupt from the black
hole in opposite directions into intergalactic space.
Different theories exist to explain the source
of these middleweights, but some astronomers believe they grow from the mergers
of stars and black
holes in the densely packed centres
of collections
of stars called globular
clusters.
That's the lesson from new observations by the Hubble Space Telescope, which has spotted the signs
of midsize black
holes at the hearts
of ancient stellar swarms called globular
clusters.
But if the black
holes instead find one another in the chaos
of a star
cluster, they could spin any which way.
Another is that black
holes find one another within a dense
cluster of stars, as massive black
holes sink to the center
of the clump (SN Online: 6/19/16).
The X-ray sky crackles with previously unimagined action: exploding stars, gas swirling into monster black
holes, and pile - driver smashups
of whole
clusters of galaxies.
But the trio swung too close to a black
hole at the centre
of their star
cluster.
Current theories suggest that the seeds
of these black
holes were the result
of either the growth and collapse
of the first generation
of stars in the Universe; collisions between stars in dense stellar
clusters; or the direct collapse
of extremely massive stars in the early Universe.
NASA's Fermi space telescope has seen signs
of such photons around the supermassive black
hole at the centre
of the Milky Way, where dark matter is expected to
cluster.
Scientists have associated the accumulation
of these
clusters with tissue damage that leaves sponge - like
holes in the brain.
Based on observational knowledge, the researchers knew that supermassive black
holes propel cosmic gases with a lot
of energy while also «blowing» this gas away from galaxy
clusters.
The accumulation
of these
clusters has been associated with tissue damage that leaves sponge - like
holes in the brain.
The discovery
of the magnetar's former companion elsewhere in the
cluster helps solve the mystery
of how a star that started off so massive could become a magnetar, rather than collapse into a black
hole.
In the Universe, cosmic ray particles are accelerated by galaxy
clusters, supernovae, binary stars, pulsars and certain types
of supermassive black
holes.
A recent examination
of globular
cluster RZ2109, however, reveals that it possesses a small black
hole.
This glittering
cluster contains over 100,000 stars, and could also hide a rare type
of black
hole at its centre.
Intermediate - mass black
holes are thought to form either from the merging
of several smaller, stellar - mass black
holes, or as a result
of a collision between massive stars in dense
clusters.
In terms
of mass they lie between the more commonly found stellar - mass and supermassive types
of black
hole [3], and could tell us about how black
holes grow and evolve within
clusters like Messier 15, and within galaxies.
Of the two possibilities it is more likely that Messier 15 harbours a black
hole at its centre, as does the massive globular
cluster Mayall II.
But there has previously been no clear - cut evidence for black
holes of any size within globular
clusters, spherical groupings
of millions
of stars.
Hints
of their existence came from either X-ray emissions — thought to arise as the black
holes consumed their companion stars — or the motion
of stars near the centre
of some
clusters (see Middleweight black
holes are «missing link»).
Vicky Kalogera, an astronomer at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, US, has done theoretical studies
of how black
holes should behave in globular
clusters.
Now, astronomers led by Thomas Maccarone
of the University
of Southampton, UK, have found the best evidence yet for a black
hole in a globular
cluster.
The likely black
hole is the only one found among the 6000 globular
clusters that XMM - Newton observed in the vicinity
of NGC 4472.
That dip was caused by blobs
of hot plasma emitted by the galaxy's black
hole, which were magnified by a
cluster of stars acting as a cosmic lens between Earth and the galaxy, researchers suggest.
Read previous Astrophile columns: Blinged - out stars were born rich, Supercritical water world does somersaults, Attack
of the mystery green blobs, Undead stars rise again as supernovae, The sticky star
cluster that's mostly black
hole, The rebel star that broke the medieval sky, Star exploded?
Their tendency would be to
cluster near the centre
of galaxies, making them more likely to pass near the supermassive black
holes that sit there and run into the accretion discs
of gas that surround them.
In a 2008 study, Haiman and his colleagues hypothesized that radiation from a massive neighboring galaxy could split molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen and cause the nascent black
hole and its host galaxy to collapse rather than spawn new
clusters of stars.
Some people experience intense aversion and anxiety when they see
clusters of roughly circular shapes, such as the bubbles in a cup
of coffee or the
holes in a sponge.
Perhaps what's different about them, McDonald says, is that the cooling
of gas flowing into the center is slowed down by the heating effect
of a black
hole spewing out material from the center
of the
cluster.
By gathering energetic X-rays, it will study the physics
of black
holes, the evolution
of galaxy
clusters, and the formation
of heavy elements — crucial for life — in exploding stars.
Overall, the findings showed that although trypophobia has been described as the «fear
of holes», it would be more accurately characterised as a predominantly disgust - based aversion to
clusters of roughly circular objects.
One possible interpretation
of the discovery, Loeb says, is «that we are witnessing a short - lived phase in the evolution
of clusters, just before the central massive black
hole starts its feedback.
The instruments are expected to reveal details about gases trapped in galaxy
clusters and wafting through supernova remnants as well as the turbulent streams
of material spiraling away from black
holes.
Astronomers say a likely reason this particular
cluster is so productive is that that the cooling
of gas at its center is not being countered by the emission
of hot jets from a central black
hole.