Sentences with phrase «coal capacity factors»

The 50 GW of planned coal could push national coal capacity factors as low as 50 %, just as gigawatts of cheap renewables come online, meaning unless new plants replace retiring capacity they could come online as stranded assets.

The average steam coal capacity factor was 46 %, combined cycle gas was 58 %, and nuclear was 93.3 %.

Not exact matches

International markets remain outstanding in the Pacific Rim, with China and India coal import demand continuing at record rates and developed economies running at higher capacity factors as they recover from the global financial crisis.

[D] espite additions of substantial wind, solar, and nuclear capacity, when properly adjusted for capacity factor (the amount of annual energy produced per unit of capacity) to reflect production capability, the amount of new coal energy added to the China grid last year exceeded new solar energy by 17 times, new wind energy by more than 4 times, and even new hydro by more than 3 times.

Fully contracted renewable energy projects have the least transition risk while older, inefficient merchant coal plants are likely to suffer disproportionately from the financial effects of carbon transition such as lower wholesale prices, the cost of carbon credits, lower capacity factors and increased operating or capital costs, according to the report.

[54][55] Another factor was that in January 2011 Arch Coal acquired a 38 percent interest in the proposed terminal which gave it the right to guarantee «38 percent of the terminal's throughput and storage capacity».

With their utilization reduced, and thus their capacity factor lowered, coal and natural gas plants become more expensive to run, as Bloomberg reported in 2015.

But coal and natural gas are suffering reductions in capacity factor as more fuel - free generation gets added to the merit order effect.

In contrast, coke - fired generators tend to run at higher capacity factors and may burn a mix of petroleum coke and coal.

1 Executive Summary 2 Scope of the Report 3 The Case for Hydrogen 3.1 The Drive for Clean Energy 3.2 The Uniqueness of Hydrogen 3.3 Hydrogen's Safety Record 4 Hydrogen Fuel Cells 4.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 4.2 Fuel Cells and Batteries 4.3 Fuel Cell Systems Durability 4.4 Fuel Cell Vehicles 5 Hydrogen Fueling Infrastructure 5.1 Hydrogen Station Hardware 5.2 Hydrogen Compression and Storage 5.3 Hydrogen Fueling 5.4 Hydrogen Station Capacity 6 Hydrogen Fueling Station Types 6.1 Retail vs. Non-Retail Stations 6.1.1 Retail Hydrogen Stations 6.1.2 Non-Retail Hydrogen Stations 6.2 Mobile Hydrogen Stations 6.2.1 Honda's Smart Hydrogen Station 6.2.2 Nel Hydrogen's RotoLyzer 6.2.3 Others 7 Hydrogen Fueling Protocols 7.1 SAE J2601 7.2 Related Standards 7.3 Fueling Protocols vs. Vehicle Charging 7.4 SAE J2601 vs. SAE J1772 7.5 Ionic Compression 8 Hydrogen Station Rollout Strategy 8.1 Traditional Approaches 8.2 Current Approach 8.3 Factors Impacting Rollouts 8.4 Production and Distribution Scenarios 8.5 Reliability Issues 9 Sources of Hydrogen 9.1 Fossil Fuels 9.2 Renewable Sources 10 Methods of Hydrogen Production 10.1 Production from Non-Renewable Sources 10.1.1 Steam Reforming of Natural Gas 10.1.2 Coal Gasification 10.2 Production from Renewable Sources 10.2.1 Electrolysis 10.2.2 Biomass Gasification 11 Hydrogen Production Scenarios 11.1 Centralized Hydrogen Production 11.2 On - Site Hydrogen Production 11.2.1 On - site Electrolysis 11.2.2 On - Site Steam Methane Reforming 12 Hydrogen Delivery 12.1 Hydrogen Tube Trailers 12.2 Tanker Trucks 12.3 Pipeline Delivery 12.4 Railcars and Barges 13 Hydrogen Stations Cost Factors 13.1 Capital Expenditures 13.2 Operating Expenditures 14 Hydrogen Station Deployments 14.1 Asia - Pacific 14.1.1 Japan 14.1.2 Korea 14.1.3 China 14.1.4 Rest of Asia - Pacific 14.2 Europe, Middle East & Africa (EMEA) 14.2.1 Germany 14.2.2 The U.K. 14.2.3 Nordic Region 14.2.4 Rest of EMEA 14.3 Americas 14.3.1 U.S. West Coast 14.3.2 U.S. East Coast 14.3.3 Canada 14.3.4 Latin America 15 Selected Vendors 15.1 Air Liquide 15.2 Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 15.3 Ballard Power Systems 15.4 FirstElement Fuel Inc. 15.5 FuelCell Energy, Inc. 15.6 Hydrogenics Corporation 15.7 The Linde Group 15.8 Nel Hydrogen 15.9 Nuvera Fuel Cells 15.10 Praxair 15.11 Proton OnSite / SunHydro 15.11.1 Proton Onsite 15.11.2 SunHydro 16 Market Forecasts 16.1 Overview 16.2 Global Hydrogen Station Market 16.2.1 Hydrogen Station Deployments 16.2.2 Hydrogen Stations Capacity 16.2.3 Hydrogen Station Costs 16.3 Asia - Pacific Hydrogen Station Market 16.3.1 Hydrogen Station Deployments 16.3.2 Hydrogen Stations Capacity 16.3.3 Hydrogen Station Costs 16.4 Europe, Middle East and Africa 16.4.1 Hydrogen Station Deployments 16.4.2 Hydrogen Station Capacity 16.4.3 Hydrogen Station Costs 16.5 Americas 16.5.1 Hydrogen Station Deployments 16.5.2 Hydrogen Station Capacity 16.5.3 Hydrogen Station Costs 17 Conclusions 17.1 Hydrogen as a Fuel 17.2 Rollout of Fuel Cell Vehicles 17.3 Hydrogen Station Deployments 17.4 Funding Requirements 17.5 Customer Experience 17.6 Other Findings

Taking capacity factors into consideration and using the above data on land usage, to replace the energy from all 274 gigawatts of coal - fired capacity that the United States currently has with wind power would require a land area consisting of almost the entire state of Washington — over 12 times the land area that the coal - fired units require.

We'd need around 2,000 GW of nuclear capacity (at average 90 % capacity factor) to avoid 13 Gt of the 15 Gt of CO2 emissions from coal fired electricity generation in 2055.

Already, the impact of reduced demand, growing renewables, and rooftop solar, is causing a decline in output in coal generation, bringing capacity factors down sharply, particularly for black coal generators.

* For the comparison to existing or new NGCC, UCS assumes that the NGCC unit would run at the same capacity factor as the coal unit under consideration.

There is good reason to believe that China already has more coal capacity than it needs — capacity factors for coal plants in the country (the amount of time they spend running) dipped below 50 percent in 2015 and continued falling in 2016 — so all things being equal, these trends should continue.

A back - of - the - envelope calculation suggests that, if current capacity utilisation factors are maintained, this combined 170GW could replace about 70GW of coal capacity.

If a US coal unit installs control technologies to meet the most stringent air pollution regulation, it could increase operating costs by 13 % when the capacity factor declines from 60 % to 40 %.

CSE also recommends enacting CEA's plan to retire 48 GW of India's oldest coal generation by 2027, allowing cleaner distributed electricity sources to meet India's power demand while raising capacity factors for newer «cleaner» coal plants, simultaneously reducing financial risks for utilities and consumers.

In the US, for example, the average capacity factor of coal units has decreased from 61 % in 2014 to 53 % in 2016.

Nevertheless, as shown in the figure, these combined capacity factors for wind and solar are far less than those for the dispatchable technologies — natural gas, coal, and nuclear.

An average capacity factor of 21 percent is used for micro wind, compared to 55 percent for conventional technologies such as coal, natural gas, and oil power plants.

Environmental regulatory requirements may have been the straw that broke a baseload's camel's back — particularly for coal plants — but it appears that most baseload plants were already burdened by the effects of low natural gas prices, eroding customer demand, and lower capacity factors before the incremental burden of new regulations tipped the balance over to retirement.»

As an example, the 1,532 MW of emissions - free Bruce Nuclear refurbished generation, at a capacity factor of 90 % supplying 12.08 TWh, easily covered the loss of 4.1 TWh of coal - fired generation and left 8.7 TWh for added demand due to its flexibility to steam off or bypass the turbines.

I do believe that wind has value in the energy mix, though it is pricey and due to capacity factor issues must be supplemented with a load base that includes dispatch - able fuel sources that can be started up and shut down fairly quickly, such as gas.We do need variety in our electricity fuel mix (including coal), just as we need it in our genome pool... for rapid changes in the external environment.

[3] Each state has interim targets it must meet beginning in 2020, and the EPA proposed that states use a combination of four «building blocks» to achieve the emissions reductions: (1) improving the efficiency (heat rate) of existing coal - fired power plants; (2) switching from coal - fired power by increasing the use and capacity factor, or efficiency, of natural - gas combined - cycle power plants; (3) using less carbon - intensive generating power, such as renewable energy or nuclear power; and (4) increasing demand - side energy - efficiency measures.

Owing to their high capital cost, low fuel cost, and high capacity factors, technologies such as coal and nuclear were designed to operate continuously to meet the base - load demand component.

The chart shows needed & unneeded coal capacity (GW) in 2020 based on existing plants as of 2016 and under construction under different coal plant capacity factors and power generation growth rates.

«Wind and solar's «capacity factor» or availability to supply power is around 33 %, which means 67 % of the time wind and solar can not supply power and must be supplemented by a traditional energy source such as nuclear, natural gas or coal.

Wind power is 42 % more expensive than nuclear and natural gas power... Wind and solar's» «capacity factor» or availability to supply power is around 33 %, which means 67 % of the time wind and solar can not supply power and must be supplemented by a traditional energy source such as nuclear, natural gas or coal.»

Compare that with the capacity factors of coal, natural gas combined cycle and nuclear power plants.

According to the Operating Performance Rankings industry report in the Nov. / Dec. 2008 issue of Electric Light & Power, coal - fired power plant capacity factors range from 72 percent to 93 percent, combined cycle from 41 percent to 86 percent and nuclear from 90 percent to 96 percent.

It appears to me that the elephant is Coal, at 3 times the size of third - running Wind, which itself is handicapped by a much lower capacity factor of another factor of 4 or so.

For years the utilities have depended on rising capacity factors of nuclear and coal plants and power uprates for nuclear plants to keep up with the baseload demand.

And, again, this is baseload power, and your typical coal plant has a capacity factor that is some 2 to 3 times larger than that of wind.

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Energy Information Administration (EIA), Crude Oil Production, electronic database, at tonto.eia.doe.gov, updated 28 July 2008; American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), «Installed U.S. Wind Power Capacity Surged 45 % in 2007: American Wind Energy Association Market Report,» press release (Washington, DC: 17 January 2008); AWEA, U.S. Wind Energy Projects, electronic database, at www.awea.org/projects, updated 31 March 2009; future capacity calculated from Emerging Energy Research (EER), «US Wind Markets Surge to New Heights,» press release (Cambridge, MA: 14 August 2008); coal - fired power plant equivalents calculated by assuming that an average plant has a 500 - megawatt capacity and operates 72 percent of the time, generating 3.15 billion kilowatt - hours of electricity per year; residential consumption calculated using «Residential Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, 2005,» in DOE, EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey 2005 Status Report (Washington, DC: 2007), with capacity factor from DOE, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Power Technologies Energy Data Book (Golden, CO: August 2006); population from U.S. Census Bureau, State & County QuickFacts, electronic database, at quickfacts.census.gov, updated 20 FebruaCapacity Surged 45 % in 2007: American Wind Energy Association Market Report,» press release (Washington, DC: 17 January 2008); AWEA, U.S. Wind Energy Projects, electronic database, at www.awea.org/projects, updated 31 March 2009; future capacity calculated from Emerging Energy Research (EER), «US Wind Markets Surge to New Heights,» press release (Cambridge, MA: 14 August 2008); coal - fired power plant equivalents calculated by assuming that an average plant has a 500 - megawatt capacity and operates 72 percent of the time, generating 3.15 billion kilowatt - hours of electricity per year; residential consumption calculated using «Residential Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, 2005,» in DOE, EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey 2005 Status Report (Washington, DC: 2007), with capacity factor from DOE, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Power Technologies Energy Data Book (Golden, CO: August 2006); population from U.S. Census Bureau, State & County QuickFacts, electronic database, at quickfacts.census.gov, updated 20 Februacapacity calculated from Emerging Energy Research (EER), «US Wind Markets Surge to New Heights,» press release (Cambridge, MA: 14 August 2008); coal - fired power plant equivalents calculated by assuming that an average plant has a 500 - megawatt capacity and operates 72 percent of the time, generating 3.15 billion kilowatt - hours of electricity per year; residential consumption calculated using «Residential Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, 2005,» in DOE, EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey 2005 Status Report (Washington, DC: 2007), with capacity factor from DOE, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Power Technologies Energy Data Book (Golden, CO: August 2006); population from U.S. Census Bureau, State & County QuickFacts, electronic database, at quickfacts.census.gov, updated 20 Februacapacity and operates 72 percent of the time, generating 3.15 billion kilowatt - hours of electricity per year; residential consumption calculated using «Residential Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, 2005,» in DOE, EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey 2005 Status Report (Washington, DC: 2007), with capacity factor from DOE, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Power Technologies Energy Data Book (Golden, CO: August 2006); population from U.S. Census Bureau, State & County QuickFacts, electronic database, at quickfacts.census.gov, updated 20 Februacapacity factor from DOE, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Power Technologies Energy Data Book (Golden, CO: August 2006); population from U.S. Census Bureau, State & County QuickFacts, electronic database, at quickfacts.census.gov, updated 20 February 2009.

Assuming a 1GW coal plant, with a capacity factor of 45 % (average in the UK of the last five years)-- it would take about 500 windmills occupying about one hundred square km.